The Journal of Academic Social Science/Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Year 2026 Issue 172

QUALITY UNDERSTANDING IN SERVICE MARKETING AT HEALTHCARE INSTITUTIONS: AN APPLICATION AT KMÜ AHMET KELEŞOĞLU FACULTY OF DENTISTRY

Murat BAYHasan Hüseyin KULAK — 2026-01-30

In recent years, the increasing number of institutions and organisations operating in the healthcare sector has made the concept of quality and standardisation in the services provided extremely important. The variability in the provision of services and customer demands makes it difficult to achieve this standard. In this sense, the increase in knowledgeable and conscious customers, together with the fact that human health is a primary priority for all segments, has made it imperative to achieve quality standards. The main objective of this research is to determine the expectations of patients receiving treatment at the K.M.Ü. Ahmet Keleşoğlu Faculty of Dentistry, which has been operating in the province of Karaman since 2020, receive from healthcare services and their perceptions of the services. Concepts such as the attitudes and behaviours of hospital staff and trust in hospital personnel were evaluated, and a survey was conducted using the SERVQUAL scale to measure the degree of perception of the services provided. The results section revealed positive findings regarding the hospital's physical facilities being visually appealing and the hospital showing individual attention to patients in line with their needs. However, deficiencies in the hospital's processes were identified.

THE “ASYA PRINTING HOUSE” IN KAZAN AND THE EMERGENCE OF TATAR PRINT CULTURE

Alsou KAMALİEVAGülüse AKSOY — 2026-01-30

The late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries represent a decisive turning point not only in the history of the Russian Empire but also in the written culture of the broader Turkic-Islamic world. In the Tatar intellectual sphere, the establishment of the “Asya Printing House” in 1800 marked a transition from manuscript-based transmission to a new typographic order that reconfigured knowledge, language, and identity. The aim of this study is to re-examine the founding of this institution, its early publications, its subsequent incorporation into the Kazan University Press, and its cultural-linguistic impact on Tatar society within a historical, philological, and comparative framework. The research employs a holistic methodology, drawing on Tatar and Russian scholarly literature, memoirs, press catalogues, and early printed materials; particular attention is given to Buraşev’s initiative, Halfin’s linguistic interventions, and the thematic-formal features of the first printed texts. Findings indicate that the “Asya Printing House” extended beyond the reproduction of religious literature, contributing to the standardization of written Tatar, the expansion of literacy into broader social strata, the empowerment of women’s household-based reading practices, and the diversification of pedagogical and practical instructional materials. Early typographic choices also clarified phonetic correspondences in Arabic-script Tatar and accelerated the institutionalization of the written language. The study concludes that the printing house functioned as a threshold of typographic transformation, enabling the Tatar shift from a manuscript civilization to a print-based intellectual order. Finally, comparing the Kazan experience with the development of Ottoman print culture offers new theoretical and comparative insights for Turkish studies, press history, alphabet debates, and research on cultural modernization.

AN EXAMINATION OF FASHION ILLUSTRATIONS FROM A GRAPHIC DESIGN PERSPECTIVE: CULTURAL REPRESENTATIONS AND DESIGN TECHNIQUES

Özlem KUMHavva Sinem İNNAP , — 2026-01-30

Illustration is a powerful means of communication that carries visual and cultural codes. This study aims to examine fashion illustrations from a graphic design perspective and to evaluate the composition, typography, colour, style/technique and cultural representation dimensions of cover designs in a comparative manner. The research examined the cover visuals of seven fashion illustration books from different periods and geographical regions using descriptive qualitative analysis methods. The findings reveal that period references, collage and digital-textural techniques, typographic preferences and colour palette strategies differ markedly in cover designs; furthermore, some covers emphasise cultural identity (e.g. African motifs). The results reveal that fashion illustration is more than just an aesthetic form of expression; it is a visual communication tool that carries cultural identity, meaning production, and pedagogical functions. The study contributes to the theoretical and practical role of illustration in the context of graphic design and fashion education and emphasises the interdisciplinary importance of cover design through visual analysis methods.

AN EVALUATION ON THE IDEOLOGICAL DISCOURSE AND DRAMATIC STRUCTURE OF THE TRAGEDY OF THE PERSIANS

Deniz KUNDAKÇI — 2026-01-30

This study aims to analyze the political and dramatic aspects of Aeschylus’ famous tragedy, The Persians. In this respect, it is argued that Aeschylus pursues two main quests in The Persians. The first of Aeschylus’ quests in the play is to try to construct a citizen identity ideologically through a war in which the participants are still alive and therefore carry fresh traces in the audience’s memory. In this regard, The Persians serve a political construction process aimed at creating a collective “Greek” identity as the direct antithesis of the “other” identity established under the name of “barbarian”. Therefore, the name “barbarian” is “the constitutive outside” of this positive identity. Secondly, in addition to striving for harmony with historical facts, The Persians also embodies the characteristics of a typical tragedy through the creation of a mythological story and plot that recreates reality. The first dramatic element in the tragedy is that Xerxes’ desire to surpass his father, which forces him into hasty decisions; the second is that he forgot that he was a mortal and behaved disrespectfully towards the gods. The scope of this study is an attempt to offer a political and dramatic reading of Aeschylus, focused specifically on The Persians. This effort is also critical for revealing the importance of tragedies in better understanding Athenian democratic governance based on demos sovereignty.

IN LIGHT OF THE INNER SENSES: THE SENSORY FORMATION OF MEANING IN AQUINAS

Ferdi SELİM — 2026-01-30

The Middle Ages possessed a tradition of thought with a religious overtone. Similarly, the first impression in philosophical activity is that the decision is concluded with a God-inspired belief. Contrary to this widespread belief, it can be argued that the approach to professional and technical problems dismantles this general framework in favor of a natural epistemology. This interpretation should at least be opened to discussion around Aquinas’s views. Aquinas worked in an empiricist manner and viewed the senses, the carriers of the initial impression of objects, as the source of knowledge. He sought to achieve this by assigning certain powers predisposed to various activities, in line with the claim that the activities of nature cannot fail. Therefore, every act of knowledge must realistically be based on a faculty. These are described through a fundamental distinction between external and internal senses. Forms related to the relevant object, located in the external sense organs, are transformed into phantasms or images through stages such as the internal senses: common sense, imagination, sense memory and perception (vis cogitativa). Furthermore, in the final stage, inferences are made regarding individuals through comparisons and analogies. This study addresses Aquinas’s proposed sensory processing of knowledge and the sensory powers he proposes within the relevant framework. Meanwhile, it has been claimed that the belief that the object of sensory influence and the object in perception are one and the same cannot be a representation and that Aquinas is an epistemological realist in terms of its compatibility with ontological reality. In addition, the aim of this study is to point out that Aquinas represents both a significant turning point for the Middle Ages and a starting point for the externalist view of contemporary philosophy of mind.

AN EVALUATION OF THE FOUNDATIONS FOUNDED BY THE LATE KILERCIBAŞI DAVUD AĞA AND HIS WIFE IS LADY HOBYAR

Rümeysa KARS — 2026-01-30

Islamic faith encouraged the establishment of foundations with the aim of donating a portion of one's wealth to humanity, seeking God's approval. Therefore, due to the principle that charitable activities would earn rewards both during one's lifetime and after death, foundations were established in various ways. While it was possible to endow any real estate, it was also possible to encounter movable foundations. It is known that every individual in Ottoman society had the inclination to establish a foundation. This study will examine Hobyar Hatun's efforts to manage the foundation established by her husband during his lifetime, which she inherited upon his death, as well as two foundations she established from her own assets. The fact that the client of one of these foundations, and the founder of the other, was a woman is also significant because it provides insight into the role of women in Ottoman social life. Chief Kitchen Steward Davud Ağa, who could be considered the head chef of the Ottoman palace kitchen, endowed houses and shops in Istanbul to cover the cost of repairing a castle and a fountain. He also leased some of these properties, with the profits used to finance various construction and repairs. A deed of trust was issued stipulating that a portion of the property would be allocated to six members of the small room in the Enderun at Topkapı Palace, each of whom would recite the Quran for the soul of Hobyar Hatun's deceased husband. A second deed of trust was issued stipulating that Hobyar Hatun would donate 600 riyals of her own property as a cash endowment, and that seven members of the small room in the Enderun at Topkapı Palace would recite a chapter of the Quran each day after morning prayers, donating the reward to her spiritual well-being. This deed of trust was also issued stipulating that it would be managed under certain conditions. The room referred to here as the "Small Room" is one of the seven levels of education for boys of devshirme origin at the Enderun. These students, who undergo different levels of training at each level, shape their seniority and the types of services they will receive. However, Quranic instruction was paramount, as these students lived according to Islamic principles. The endowment funds allocated to the individuals receiving education in these rooms provided both educational support and the charitable activities of the foundation's founder and relatives.

ANALOGICAL APPROACHES ON BÜLENT ÜSTÜN’S OBJECT-ART SERIES

Mehmet Fatih YELMENOnur TATAR — 2026-01-30

From an art history perspective, artists have sought to transform the relationship between the abstract and the concrete into various forms in their works, to explain sensory experiences through conceptual expressions, and to establish communication with the audience. Artists have used various narrative strategies to achieve this. Analogy, as one such strategy, plays an important role in both the creative and receptive processes. Accordingly, the analogical inspiration that an artist draws upon when creating a work may differ from the analogical layers that resonate with the viewer when perceiving and interpreting the work. Analogy encompasses not only direct similarities between objects or concepts, but also relationships that may have indirect mental, cultural, and aesthetic contexts. In this way, structural or functional similarities are established between different concepts or objects, and cognitive layers of meaning are constructed. In this context, analogy is a tool that can be found in all branches of art and allows for interdisciplinary expressions. Thus, it can be used as a tool that multiplies meaning in artistic productions. In this study, Bülent Üstün's photo-illustrations from the Object Art series are interpreted within the context of analogy through visual literacy. Accordingly, both in the series as a whole and in the examples discussed in this study, the illustration of ready-made objects, or rather their reanimation or change of context, has enabled the viewer's intuitive participation through animism and pareidolia. At the same time, the connections established with art history have provided the contextual depth for an analytical reading. Ultimately, it has been determined that the analogy in Bülent Üstün’s Object Art series is not limited to individual correspondences; it has emerged as a multi-layered reception strategy through functional displacement, contextual change, and hybrid image production.

EARLY PERIOD İZNİK (MILET) TILES AND CONTEMPORARY DESIGNS

Ebru KÖSEZehra KAYA — 2026-01-30

This study examines the historical development and stylistic characteristics of Early İznik tiles, also known as Milet ware, which represent one of the most flourishing periods of Turkish ceramic art. Drawing on evidence uncovered through archaeological excavations, the research evaluates the design principles and aesthetic vocabulary of these works. Produced between the late fourteenth and the mid-fifteenth centuries, Early İznik tiles emerged as a prominent artistic and artisanal tradition within the Ottoman Empire and played a formative role in the evolution of Ottoman art. Excavations conducted in İznik and other urban centers have provided significant insights into the technical processes, decorative repertoires, and materials employed in their production. This study further analyzes the compositional and ornamental features of Milet ware, with the aim of reinterpreting this distinctive style both on paper and within digital media.

IN THE ACTIVITY OF THE MANAGEMENT AND THE MANAGER CONTRIBUTIONS AND IMPORTANCE OF CYBERNETICS SCIENCE

Serap ATEŞ — 2026-01-30

The concept of management is as old as human history, yet it emerges as a phenomenon that has been redefined and reshaped throughout history. Today, all organizations aim to ensure effectiveness in management. In this context, it is noteworthy that organizational structure and functioning are in a constant state of restructuring. Dynamics such as globalization, digitalization, and uncertainty necessitate a reexamination of management approaches, the qualities managers must possess, and their responsibilities. Meanwhile, as technological development continues at an unstoppable pace, new technological tools and equipment are constantly being produced, and these technologies are restructuring organizational life and visibly impacting business processes within organizations. The subject of this study is the connection between cybernetics, described as a "technological revolution," and its relationship with organizational effectiveness, and the resulting role of management and managers. The conclusions and results obtained from this study are intended to shed light on the relationship between management and cybernetics and to serve as a resource for future studies.

THE UTILIZATION OF DATA ANALYTICS IN REAL ESTATE MANAGEMENT: A PROPOSAL FOR A NOVEL PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT MODEL FOR INDEPENDENT REAL ESTATE BROKERAGES

Naci BÜYÜKKARACIĞAN — 2026-01-30

The development of a data analytics-based, innovative performance measurement model is the core objective of this research, aiming to comprehensively analyze the performance levels of independent real estate businesses (local offices) and individual consultants operating in the sector. Conducted within the dynamic real estate market of the Konya province, this study sought to provide analytical solutions to the challenge of insufficient institutionalization and standardization frequently encountered in the management processes of independent offices. The research integrates financial outcome indicators (Annual Revenue, Net Profit Margin) with operational process-focused consultant metrics (Average Sales per Consultant, New Listing Inflow Rate, Leads → Sales Conversion Rate) to establish a Performance Scorecard (P Score) adaptable for managerial decision-support systems. Empirical analysis was carried out using 12 months of financial and operational data gathered from 10 distinct active independent real estate businesses in Konya. The model, tested using statistical analysis techniques (normalization, correlation, and OLS regression), empirically demonstrated that the integrated use of financial and operational metrics provides a significantly higher degree of accuracy and explanatory power in accounting for consultant performance compared to approaches based solely on outcome-based measures. The proposed P Score framework offers independent business owners the opportunity for objective benchmarking, grounded not only in financial results but also in operational efficiency and the capacity to generate future market potential.

READING FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY AND CULTURAL AWARENESS THROUGH SELJUK STRUCTURES: KESİKKÖPRÜ AND CACABEY INN (KESİKKÖPRÜ CARAVANSERAI)

Olcay Türkan YURDUGÜZEL — 2026-01-30

Efforts carried out in the last century regarding the preservation and sustainability of cultural heritage, together with charters, laws, regulations, and policies, have shaped the level of public awareness, and the quality of their implementation has become an indicator of societal consciousness. The fundamental aim of conservation is to ensure that cultural heritage assets are preserved, kept alive, transmitted to future generations, and supported by the development of user awareness and understanding. The extent to which these goals are achieved has become a key determinant of the overall quality of conservation. The user’s possession of sufficient knowledge and experience to be conscious of conservation practices and to have a voice in both the conceptual and practical processes is crucial for the effective implementation of conservation efforts. Additionally, maintaining the continuity of use—considered a primary preference in the preservation of cultural heritage structures—is another significant factor influencing the quality of conservation. Within the scope of this study, Kesikköprü and Cacabey Inn, located within the provincial boundaries of Kırşehir, were selected as the subject of investigation. Among the registered structures dated to the Seljuk period, Kesikköprü was restored first in 2007 and then again in 2014, while Cacabey Inn underwent restoration in 2023. Although situated relatively close to each other, both structures are distant from the city center. Located within the village of Kervansaray, they lie approximately 25 km from the center. Due to its position within a recreational area, Kesikköprü is actively used, particularly during the summer months, whereas Cacabey Inn is visited mainly as part of tours organized for the promotion of the city. This study aims to identify the usage patterns and levels of awareness related to these structures.

PROFESSIONAL BURNOUT OF ACCOUNTING PROFESSIONALS: THE CASE OF YALOVA PROVINCE

Oğuz YAVUZYILMAZCengiz GÜNEY ,Yusuf ARSLAN — 2026-01-30

This study aims to examine the relationship between accountants’ perceptions of their profession and the dimensions of occupational burnout. Burnout is frequently observed in service-oriented and high-responsibility fields, and accounting is considered a high-risk profession due to its stressful and demanding nature. The study population consisted of self-employed members registered with the Yalova Chamber of Independent Accountants and Certified Public Accountants. According to information obtained from the Chamber, as of 13 June 2017 there were 260 members, of whom 146 were working independently. The research population was limited to these 146 professionals, and data collection took place between 1 December 2016 and 1 June 2017. Sixty participants responded to the survey through face-to-face and online methods, yielding a participation rate of forty-one percent. Three main forms were used as data collection tools. The Maslach Burnout Inventory measured burnout levels, a personal information form captured demographic characteristics, and a professional perception form previously used in a master’s thesis by Kemal Taysı assessed participants’ views on the profession. The data were analyzed using the SPSS 16 statistical package, and relationships between variables were examined with Kendall’s tau_b correlation analysis. The findings indicate that perceptions of the profession are directly linked to burnout dimensions. Professionals who perceive accounting as stressful, intense, and undervalued by society exhibited higher emotional exhaustion. Negative perceptions also increased the tendency to develop a distant and indifferent attitude toward work. Conversely, when the profession was seen as meaningful and socially beneficial, the sense of personal accomplishment increased. Overall, the results show that burnout among accounting professionals is not only an individual issue but also a factor affecting the profession’s sustainability, efficiency, and ethical standards. Enhancing positive professional perceptions plays an important role in reducing burnout.

EVALUATION OF BIOLOGY QUESTIONS IN THE BASIC PROFICIENCY TEST (TYT) (2020-2024)

Yağmur Suzan SÖNMEZ — 2026-01-30

University entrance exams are held once a year in Türkiye. Based on the results of this exam, students are placed into the programs they will study. The exam consists of three stages: the basic proficiency test (TYT), field proficiency tests (AYT), and the foreign language test (YDT). The TYT exam is a prerequisite for taking the other two exams. The TYT test consists of 120 questions covering science, mathematics, social sciences, and Turkish. The science section of TYT includes 20 questions, six of which belong to the field of biology. Evaluating the questions of an important subject like biology, determining their alignment with the curriculum and assessing the studies conducted in this field will contribute to the area. The aim of this study is to evaluate the biology questions in the first stage of the university entrance exam, the basic proficiency test, between 2020 and 2024 based on Bloom’s taxonomy, determine their compatibility with the secondary school biology curriculum and assess the studies conducted in this field. For this study, the document analysis technique, which is commonly used in scientific research, was employed. Within this scope, 30 biology questions asked in the last five years were analyzed. The 2018 and 2024 biology curricula of the ministry of national education were examined. Additionally, theses related to the field and accessed from the council of higher education (YÖK) thesis database were reviewed. At the end of the study, it was determined that the questions in the test were asked at the same level each year and that these levels were lower-order thinking skills (understanding and conceptual). It was also found that there were no questions targeting higher-order thinking skills. In the evaluation of the alignment between the learning outcomes in the secondary school biology curriculum and the questions in the test, it was determined that the test questions were parallel to the curriculum outcomes. When examining studies related to the evaluation of biology questions in the university entrance exam, it was observed that only a few studies had been conducted. The number of biology questions in the basic proficiency test should be increased. The test should include questions covering all levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy. More academic studies should be conducted on the evaluation of biology questions.

HORIZONTAL URBAN ARCHITECTURE: AN INNOVATIVE STRATEGY FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT

Serdar KASAPŞule KARA — 2026-01-30

Horizontal architecture is a critical urban planning model gaining importance due to seismic risks and high population density.1 The primary goal of this low-rise, human-scaled approach is to foster user-oriented, environmentally harmonious living spaces, enhance social cohesion, and promote a sustainable urbanization model. Unlike its vertical counterpart, it increases green spaces, strengthens neighborhood relations, and facilitates safer community activities. However, it requires substantial land use in dense cities and may increase infrastructure costs. This study aims to provide a comparative analysis of horizontal and vertical architectural models by focusing on their environmental, economic, and social impacts within the context of sustainable urban development. The research adopts a qualitative, comparative case study approach, employing thematic analysis of the literature and selected global and Turkish urban projects. The comparison is based on six core criteria: Density, Land Use, Social Cohesion, Energy/Environment, Infrastructure Cost, and Seismic Resilience. The main findings indicate that while horizontal architecture excels in social and environmental sustainability, a balanced, hybrid approach is essential for economically efficient and spatially integrated urban planning in rapidly growing metropolises.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF VISUAL ART IN PAKISTAN THROUGHOUT HISTORY

Abdul Haleem BAREACHDöne ARISOY — 2026-01-30

This article traces the evolution of visual arts in Pakistan, examining the period from ancient times to the post-independence modernist era. With roots in the Indus Valley Civilisation (3300–1300 BCE), one of the world's oldest urban cultures, the region has long been fertile ground for artistic innovation. Archaeological discoveries at Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Mehergarh demonstrate that the highly skilled works found in seals, figurines, and ceramics reflect both aesthetic refinement and symbolic complexity. This early material cultural tradition expanded into the Gandhara Civilisation (1st century BCE–5th century CE), which later blended Hellenistic and South Asian styles to create a unique visual language in sculpture and religious iconography. The arrival of Islam in the 8th century brought about a decisive transformation in aesthetic practices. Calligraphy, mosque architecture, miniature painting, and ceramic craftsmanship became central art forms, profoundly shaping Pakistan's cultural landscape. During the Mughal Empire (16th–18th centuries), monumental architecture and illuminated manuscripts flourished, giving rise to a hybrid style blending Persian, Indian, and distinctly local elements. Colonialism and the British Raj (1858–1947) introduced European academic traditions, art schools, and new techniques, while simultaneously suppressing indigenous practices by prioritising utilitarian craftsmanship over intellectual creativity. However, colonialism also provided artists with tools to reinterpret local identities through new media and aesthetic strategies. Upon gaining independence in 1947, Pakistani artists faced the urgent task of forging a distinct cultural identity separate from India. This period was marked by two movements: traditionalism, represented by artists such as Abdur Rahman Chughtai, who drew inspiration from Islamic history and Mughal aesthetics; and regional modernism, pioneered by Shakir Ali and Zubeida Agha, who engaged directly with European modernism to create a local language of abstraction and experimentation. Sadequain's works further expanded this dialogue by incorporating cubist tendencies into public art, murals, and calligraphy, embedding modernism within Pakistan's social and cultural life. This work situates Pakistani art within global modernist debates while acknowledging its deep historical heritage, arguing that the country's visual culture can best be understood as a layered, hybrid tradition: simultaneously local and global, based on continuity but shaped by ruptures. An examination of historical periods, artistic movements, and key figures demonstrates that Pakistani art is not merely a derivative of external influences, but a dynamic and original field that continually redefines itself in dialogue with tradition and modernity.

SIFIR ATIK MODADA KENDİN-YAP HAREKETİ: DİJİTAL VERİTABANI VE PLATFORMLARDAKİ KİŞİSELLEŞTİRİLEBİLİR, AÇIK-KAYNAK ERİŞİMLİ GİYSİLER

Elif KURTULDU DÖNMEZ — 2026-01-30

This study examines the relationship between the Do-It-Yourself (DIY) movement and zero-waste (ZW) fashion, focusing on open-source, user-modifiable garment practices facilitated by digital platforms. Rather than addressing digital fashion technologies in general, the article focuses specifically on how DIY-based pattern systems, open-access resources, and participatory design cultures contribute to zero-waste garment design and production. This study, conducted through a qualitative research design based on systematic literature review and visual content analysis, investigates how consumer-producer practices are reshaping design, production workflows, and waste reduction efforts in fashion. The research emphasizes that the producer-consumer approach is becoming increasingly widespread in the design and production of printable, customizable, open-access, zero-waste clothing, supported by digital technologies. Thus, the producer movement, open-access platforms, and user-centric design culture encourage participatory production in terms of sustainable fashion and zero waste. This study critically examines contemporary zero-waste DIY initiatives, garment pattern-sharing communities, and their compliance with zero-waste principles. By analyzing designer and consumer-focused zero-waste practices through the contributions of DIY culture and open-access platforms, the work contributes to the literature by framing the zero-waste concept as both an environmental strategy and a design methodology compatible with digital culture. Through examples, it examines the reciprocal relationship between sustainability, digitalization, and user-centered design and production, highlighting the importance of interdisciplinary studies and digitalization in design for future work in textile and fashion design.

THE “ANATOLIAN PEOPLE” IN NÂZIM HİKMET’S POETRY

Ülkü Kübra CİHANKER — 2026-01-30

Nâzım Hikmet, in addition to his identity as a poet, also distinguished himself as a playwright, screenwriter, and novelist. However, his intellectual persona often overshadowed his literary contributions, leading to his being known as a “romantic communist”. Due to the works he produced under the influence of dialectical materialism, he spent a significant portion of his life in prison. Within Turkish literature, he occupies a unique position in terms of both aesthetic innovation and ideological commitment. Many critics and scholars analyze Nâzım Hikmet’s literary journey in two main periods: the Kuvâ-yi Millîye (National Resistance) period and the Socialist period. Left-wing circles in Türkiye tend to view the poet as a unified figure, portraying him as a nationalist who remained loyal to his Turkish identity. In contrast, right-wing perspectives often approach his oeuvre through ideological lenses, which prevents an objective assessment of his work and artistic identity. This study examines representations of the Anatolian people in Nâzım Hikmet’s poetry in order to explore the poet’s perception, attitude, and judgment toward the Anatolian identity. The analysis is conducted through thematic, discursive, and ideological frameworks, aiming to reveal the connection between his poetic imagination and his vision of the common people.

STAGES OF POLITICAL TRANSFORMATION FROM CALIPHATE TO SULTANATE ACCORDING TO JABIRI

Ersoy GÖVEÇ — 2026-01-30

Our aim is to evaluate Jabiri's reading of political history and the possibilities it offers for political theory. We have shown that the dialectic of asabiyyah (group solidarity) and justice can analyze the establishment and dissolution of the da'wah (invitation to Islam) society and the Umayyad and Abbasid societies, along with the stages of political transformation from caliphate to sultanate. Although principles that could provide a foundation for political theory, such as the Medina Charter and the command of consultation, existed, a founding political rationale could not be developed around them in the early period. This theoretical gap paved the way for resolving political problems on the axis of tribe and spoils of war, rather than through a justice-centered scale. The understanding of legitimacy based on Quraysh lineage deepened this process, excluding a segment of society from being “political subjects” and leading to structural justice problems. Economic and political rent-seeking spread social inequalities, causing the disintegration of the da'wah society. Justice problems during the Umayyad period led to the disintegration of social solidarity beyond the dynastic group and the deepening of the mawali problem. In contrast, the Kalam tradition, grounded in the idea of the third journey, produced a strong vision of justice based on equal citizenship and individual freedom and responsibility. However, this approach failed to develop a transformative reading and institutionalization in the political sphere and, as seen in the Mu'tazilite experience, was absorbed into power relations. The Abbasids’ turn to the Persian political legacy to overcome political crisis limited the development of a human-centered and social political imagination. Our main argument is that Jabiri’s historical reading aims to construct a dialectical political theory that prioritizes justice as the political measure.

SÜMERBANK BÜNYAN CARPETS

Mehmet DOĞANElif AKAR — 2026-01-30

This study aims to reveal the historical, cultural, and economic value of carpets produced by the Sümerbank, Bünyan Carpet and Blanket Industry Enterprise in the Bünyan district of Kayseri. The primary motivation for this research is the lack of studies in the literature specifically examining the influence of Sümerbank on Bünyan carpet making. Therefore, the study relies on a field research method. Carpets produced in the Bünyan region during the Sümerbank era were identified in situ by artisans, and five Bünyan carpets were added to the study sample. These carpets were analyzed in detail regarding motifs, materials, weaving techniques, and dyeing characteristics. The research findings demonstrate that the origins of Bünyan carpets are rooted in Central Asian Turkish culture and that they were shaped by social, cultural, and economic changes throughout the historical process in Anatolia. In this context, the carpets are evaluated not only as aesthetic products but also as reflections of the region's cultural heritage and social memory. Founded during the Republican era, Sümerbank institutionalized the carpet industry through the Bünyan Carpet and Blanket Industry Enterprise, raising production standards and ensuring the availability of products to national and international markets. Exports to England and America in the first half of the 20th century made Bünyan carpets known worldwide. Today, production continues primarily at the home level, with municipal and cooperative support sustaining limited-scale production. This study evaluates Sümerbank's contributions to regional development and the technical and cultural characteristics of Bünyan carpets, aiming to make a unique contribution to Turkish carpet-making literature. In this context, the research is important for the preservation of both economic and cultural heritage and provides fundamental data for the transmission of traditional handicrafts to future generations.

A STUDY OF JOHN ZERZAN AND ANARCHO-PRIMITIVISM

Dilek ECE — 2026-01-30

This study examines the idea of anarchism, which has emerged in various historical forms, from a critical perspective centered on anti-authority. Based on the idea of rejecting the “civilization myth”, which the anarchist approach sees as an obstacle to humanity progress, the study will focus on contemporary anarchist thinker John Zerzan and the Anarcho-Primitivist approach he represents. Zerzan developed one of the most radical critiques of modernity in the anarchist tradition of thought, and laid the theoretical foundation of the Anarcho-Primitivist approach. Anarchism generally argues that not only states and goverment forms, but also institutionalized religion, the family and similar structures in social life function as instruments of domination and exploitation. In this context, anarchism brings a holistic criticism to modernity, by questioning the opportunities, values and results that modernity offers to humanity. Anarcho-Primitivistapproach takes this criticism to radical levels and conducts an investigation dating back to the origin of civilization. According to Zerzan’s perspevtive modernity is not a period limited to the idea of Enlightenment, but a process that began with the emergence of elements such as symbols, rituals, domestication, specialization, division of labour, and agriculture that form the basis of the civilization. In terms of him, these elements are the main reasons of the ecological destruction and social alienation. Zerzan claims that phenomena such as language, numbers, time and art have determinant roles in civilization crisis; and the period of regression has begun with adaption of symbolic culture rather than industry or agriculture. In this study, Zerzan's ideas will first be examined in broad terms, followed by a discussion of the tension between ecology, modernity, and technology from an anarcho-primitivist perspective. Finally, the extent to which it is possible to escape modernity, seen as responsible for ecological destruction, and the applicability of this approach in the contemporary world will be questioned. In addition, it will be emphasized that in Zerzan’s criticism the goal is not to turn back to the primitive, but to design a free future based on teachings of primitive.

THE PLACE OF TECHNOPARKS IN TÜRKİYE IN GLOBAL ECONOMIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL COMPETITION: THE EXAMPLE OF ATA TECHNOPARK

Emre OKUMUŞErgün AKTÜRK — 2026-01-30

This study aims to comprehensively analyze the role of technoparks in Turkey within the context of global economic and technological competitiveness, evaluating their impacts on economic growth, the R&D ecosystem, and international competitiveness. The research examines the historical development of technoparks in Turkey, their sectoral distribution, economic contributions, and effects on regional development, highlighting their significance in transitioning to a knowledge-based economy. The study investigates the R&D capacities, innovation activities, economic performance, and global market integration levels of firms operating in ATA Technopark through a survey-based approach, revealing their concentration in high value-added sectors such as information technology, software, and biotechnology. Additionally, a comparative analysis with Silicon Valley was conducted to assess the strengths and weaknesses of Turkish technoparks, indicating their robust infrastructure and incentive mechanisms but a need for improvement in international collaborations and access to funding. The findings underscore the pivotal role of technoparks in Turkey’s technology-driven development; however, enhancing their global competitiveness requires diversifying financial support mechanisms, expanding international networks, and facilitating access to R&D funds such as the European Union’s Horizon Europe program.

IBN MĀLİK’S COLLABORATION WITH POETRY: THE AL-MARFÛĀT EXAMPLE

Yusuf ÇAKIR — 2026-01-30

Ibn Mālik was born in 600/1204 in Jayyan, near Cordoba. He received lessons in Arabic from highly esteemed teachers who contributed to his intellectual development. He had the opportunity to travel to many cities to pursue his studies, interacting with diverse people, acquiring strong knowledge and experience, teaching in madrasas, educating students, writing valuable works, and passing away in Damascus in 672/1274. This article emphasizes the importance of explaining the nominative case (al-marfû‘āt.), one of the main elements of grammar, and providing examples related to poetry. This is because the nominative case contains the main elements of a sentence, such as the subject, predicate, agent, and نائب الفاعل (nāib al-fā‘il). Poetry, in turn, is considered one of the most important sources of transmitted evidence. This study reveals that during the author's time, poems served as a primary source and were frequently included in works of grammar. This research evaluates the poems cited by Ibn Mālik in his section on al-marfû‘āt (higher verses), examines all his works on grammar, identifies the poets of the poems, provides a maximum of three examples for each section, indicates the meter used, utilizes a rich bibliography, cites a maximum of five sources within the text to avoid excessive detail, includes explanations in the introduction to aid understanding, and provides a brief summary of the overall article. The aim of this research is to compile the poems Ibn Mālik used in his section on al-marfû‘āt, determine the purpose for which he used them, and explain them concisely.

RESILIENCE, INCLUSIVITY, AND ADAPTABILITY IN HOUSING SETTLEMENTS AND THEIR SURROUNDINGS

Setenay DEMİRÖmür BARKUL — 2026-01-30

Housing constitutes a fundamental spatial plane where social relations, identities, and gender roles are reproduced, extending beyond its definition as a physical structure that merely satisfies the basic need for shelter. The study aims to examine the spatial experiences of working women in their homes and residential environments from a gender-sensitive perspective, in line with the principles of inclusivity and adaptability. Conducted with 174 female participants living in various cities across Turkey, the research analyzed the data obtained through a questionnaire using IBM SPSS Statistics 22. As a result of the factor analysis of the “Perception Scale of Inclusivity, Adaptability, and Urban Resilience in Housing Settlements,” three main dimensions were identified: Urban Resilience and Safety, Social Adaptability and Belonging, and Inclusive Physical Accessibility. This study addresses housing, within the framework of gender sensitivity, as a social space in which social relations, power dynamics, and everyday life practices are shaped. Accordingly, it was found that women’s roles in both paid employment and unpaid domestic care create specific vulnerabilities in terms of spatial accessibility, safety, and social belonging. The findings indicate that housing environments enhancing women’s quality of life should be accessible, safe, socially interactive, and spatially flexible. In this context, the study emphasizes that resilient housing policies developed around inclusivity, adaptability, and gender equality can serve as key instruments for strengthening women’s spatial experiences and promoting their participation in urban life. Thus, the research provides an original theoretical and methodological contribution to the field of gender-sensitive housing design and planning.

NURSE'S ROLES IN SEXUAL HEALTH EDUCATION

Kerime SARMANYasemin ŞANLI — 2026-01-30

Sexual health is the emotional, physical, social, and mental well-being associated with sexuality, where individuals have the right to a safe, satisfying, and coercive sexual life. The need for sexual education, essential for fostering healthy individuals in society, begins in childhood. Failure to meet this educational need leads to adverse outcomes such as adolescent pregnancies, an increase in sexually transmitted infections, and various sexual dysfunctions. Sexual health education should begin before adolescence. Sexual health education should be provided primarily by the family, followed by teachers and healthcare professionals (physicians, nurses, etc.). In Turkey, the Regulation Amending the Nursing Regulation, published in 2011, includes sexual and reproductive health counseling among the duties, authorities, and responsibilities of Women's Health and Diseases nurses, Community Mental Health Center nurses, School Health nurses, and Mother-Child Health and Family Planning Center nurses. Within the roles outlined in this regulation, it is stated that sexual health education, sexually transmitted diseases, and safe sex education are the independent roles of the nurse. Nurses, who have roles such as decision-making, coordinating, rehabilitating, educating, advocating, researching, role modeling, program development, and implementing, contribute to the achievement and active exercise of sexual rights in sexual health and quality of life. Nurses must integrate these roles into nursing practices related to sexuality and sexual health, implement appropriate nursing interventions, and provide holistic care.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE FILM KÖKSÜZ FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF BOWEN’S FAMILY SYSTEMS THEORY

Büşra KIZILTAŞFeride Özlem ELAGÖZ — 2026-01-30

The Bowen family therapy model, recognized as the earliest of the systemic family therapy approaches and conceptualized as an intergenerational family approach, constitutes an important reference framework for practitioners in different countries. The Bowen model is also included in family counseling training programs in Turkey and is applied by professionals; however, the literature reveals a limited number of studies in this field. The purpose of the present study is to introduce Bowen’s systemic family therapy model and to exemplify its core concepts through the method of film analysis. Within this framework, the film Köksüz will be analyzed in order to reinforce Bowenian concepts and to illustrate the characteristics of single-parent family systems. The study addresses the introduction of the Bowen model, its eight fundamental concepts, the role of the therapist, and the characteristics of single-parent families. This study is significant in that it emphasizes how the differentiation levels of family members affect the family system, with particular attention to single-parent family structures. Specifically, a low level of parental differentiation increases the emotional burden on children within the system, thereby hindering the development of a healthy sense of self. In conclusion, it is anticipated that this study will serve as a guide for practitioners who utilize the Bowen model and will draw attention to the concept of differentiation.

EDUCATIONAL METHODS IN HOME CARE AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE MENTAL HEALTH OF CAREGIVERS

Hatun ERKURANHavva KARADENİZ — 2026-01-30

As the aging and growing population increases today, the number of individuals with chronic illnesses or disabilities who require intermittent or long-term care is also rising. The vast majority of practical patient care within the long-term care spectrum is largely carried out by caregivers who are semi-professional. As the care process progresses, disruptions in daily living habits, withdrawal from the social environment, social isolation, increased family conflicts, and disruption of the home routine are frequently observed. Over time, these difficulties can accumulate and deplete the physical and mental resources of caregivers, who may themselves become individuals in need of support. Increasing care demands necessitate the development of appropriate and accessible training methods to alleviate the burden on caregivers. The effectiveness of home care training is directly related to the quality of the methods used. Different training approaches aim to develop caregivers' knowledge, skills, and attitudes and contribute to the learning process from different perspectives. These methods include didactic education, competency-based education, behavioral skills training, telecommunication-based education models, and approaches based on adult learning theories. Home care education is an intervention area that increases caregivers' knowledge, skills, and self-efficacy levels, enabling them to be better prepared for their caregiving roles. Uncertainty, stress, and role conflicts that frequently arise during care processes can increase caregivers' levels of anxiety and depression. In this context, structured home care education programs help caregivers gain knowledge, practical skills, and a sense of confidence, thereby alleviating the psychological burden created by the care process. Consequently, the knowledge, skills, and self-confidence gained through training increase caregivers' resilience to stressful situations, reduce anxiety, and alleviate depressive symptoms.

THE VISUALIZATION AND DIGITAL ADAPTATION OF FAIRY TALE TEXTS: A CASE STUDY ON KALILA AND DIMNA

Merve ARSLANKader SÜRMELİ — 2026-01-30

The visualization of texts employs design elements such as character design, color, form, and motion to create a new narrative language integrated with the content of the text. This process spans a broad spectrum, from traditional narrative forms to digital art applications. In particular, the reinterpretation of literary and cultural texts in digital environments sheds light on the modes of meaning-making in contemporary visual culture. This approach aims to generate new expressive possibilities in art and design, redefining the aesthetic dynamics of the digital age. In this study, selected scenes from Kalila and Dimna, one of the significant works of the Eastern fairy tale tradition, are visualized and the implementation stages are presented. Each scene addresses the moral lessons embedded in Kalila and Dimna. The illustrations, created and transferred into a digital environment, are presented to the audience using a holographic technique based on light projection.

DIGITAL LEADERSHIP ROLES OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS

Recep SOYSALMuhammed Baki MİNAZ — 2026-01-30

This study aims to identify school administrators’ digital leadership practices and to qualitatively examine the effects of these practices on teachers’ digital competence development and students’ learning experiences. The research was conducted within the framework of a case study design, and the study group consisted of 10 school principals selected through the maximum variation sampling method. Data were collected through a semi-structured interview form developed by the researcher and analyzed using the content analysis method. The data were categorized under themes and codes, tabulated, and frequency and percentage distributions were presented for each code. The data were analyzed using the thematic analysis approach. According to the findings, it was revealed that the strategies implemented by administrators were mostly related to technology integration and infrastructure management. Digital leadership practices were found to have a significant impact on enhancing teachers’ technological skills in the use of technology and on increasing students’ learning motivation. It was also determined that administrators frequently encountered challenges such as lack of infrastructure and resources. Furthermore, it was concluded that maintaining digital leadership requires continuous participation in professional development programs. The results of the study highlight that principals need to continuously improve themselves within the scope of digital leadership and follow professional training opportunities. Additionally, it is of great importance to address the technological infrastructure deficiencies in schools and ensure the provision of necessary resources. Based on the findings, various suggestions were presented regarding administrators’ digital leadership practices.

THE COMMODIFICATION OF ART AND DESIGN: HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EXAMPLES WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF CONSUMER CULTURE

Mert İSTANBULLUAyça TUFAN — 2026-01-30

In its attempt to adapt to the innovations of the capitalist system, society has gradually shifted individuals from being the subjects of life to becoming its objects within a rapidly changing order. Consumption has generated objects of desire beyond basic needs, resulting in the expansion and reinforcement of consumer culture through a fractal-like cycle. Capitalism, in turn, sustains the very consumer culture on which it depends by continuously feeding it through popular culture and media instruments, thereby ensuring its organic survival. Within this cycle, objects of desire transform individuals into consumers and large masses into a consumer society. As popular culture and media technologies advance, consumption increasingly permeates daily life, ultimately coming to dominate it. Repetitive faces, clothes, phones, and similar elements illustrate how a mechanism that promises individuality paradoxically produces an indistinguishable, uniform culture—one that is continually updated in its design. Today, consumer culture, which inevitably encompasses broad masses, also reshapes the relationship between humans and objects. Alongside all its other effects, consumer culture significantly influences artistic production and the content of art itself. Art has moved away from being a purely aesthetic and cultural form of expression and has increasingly become a commodity shaped by market dynamics and the conditions of its time.

THE DILEMMAS OF THE MODERN WOMAN IN LATIFE TEKIN'S NOVEL NIGHT LESSONS: POWER, AUTHORITY AND REBELLION

Halil Fatih ALAGÖZ — 2026-01-30

Latife Tekin, in her novel Night Lessons, generally paints a panorama of Turkey while specifically examining women's attitudes towards authority and social norms. The stance taken by the authority that redefined social and economic trends following the 1980 coup, in order to consolidate its own legitimacy, directly affects the people of that era and subsequent generations. As a member of society, Latife Tekin cannot remain indifferent to this process of change and transformation. Gülfidan's struggle to express herself through contradictions and conflicts as she tries to hold on and exist in the new culture produced by the rapid urbanisation and slum development of this period is the point that fuels the fundamental dynamic of the narrative. Like most of Latife Tekin's characters, Gülfidan is not passive or compliant with the conditions presented to her. Developing a stance against the authoritarian practices of the government and the impositions of industrialization, Gülfidan reveals her inner turmoil through internal questioning throughout the text. It can be said that the pessimistic atmosphere that dominates the entire text runs parallel to the mood of the novel's characters. Tekin shapes the depth of the concepts of time and space as Gülfidan perceives them, and she displays the same attitude in her language. Thus, by integrating all structural elements with the theme, she creates a highly impressive text of opposition.