The Journal of Academic Social Science/Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Year 2025 Issue 170

THE EFFECT OF SERVICE ATMOSPHERE AND BRAND IMAGE ON REVISIT INTENTION: A STUDY IN ANTALYA PROVINCE

Murat BAYHande COŞKUN — 2026-07-16

This study examines the influence of service atmosphere and brand image on hotel guests’ revisit intentions. The research was conducted in Antalya, one of Turkey’s leading tourism destinations, using a quantitative approach with data collected from 928 hotel guests through surveys. The service atmosphere was conceptualized in terms of physical environment, social environment, and design elements, while brand image was measured through perceived quality, trust, and prestige. The data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software, and hypotheses were tested through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The findings reveal that the service atmosphere significantly and positively affects revisit intention both directly and indirectly through brand image. In particular, service atmosphere plays a critical role in shaping brand perception, which in turn strengthens customer loyalty. These results suggest that hotel managers should not only focus on functional service quality but also strategically enhance the overall service environment to create memorable experiences. The study contributes to the tourism and hospitality literature by empirically demonstrating the mediating role of brand image in the relationship between service atmosphere and revisit intention, offering theoretical insights and practical implications for customer retention and brand equity development.

KEYWORDS IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF DESİGN (II): COMMUNICATION GROUP: "MEANING, REALITY, HEGEMONY, MANIPULATION, DISCOURSE, HIERARCHY"

Devrim BARAN — 2026-07-16

This research article is the second in a planned series. It builds upon the first article, which sought to conceptualize the word 'design' through abstraction and laid the foundations for the field of 'philosophy of design' with the help of words designated as the 'structural group'. This paper continues with words designated as the 'communication group' to establish theoretical integrity. The words of the "Communication Group" were selected and examined within the context of design to construct the Philosophy of Design on the foundation established by the "Structural Group" (Communication, Thought, Philosophy, Order-Ordering, Consciousness, Ideology). In this analysis, special importance was given to the etymological archeology of the words. The "Conceptual Research" method was used for this article, as it employs abstract concepts and definitions. This method is a type of research focusing on abstract ideas or concepts. It generally aims to develop a new concept or to redefine and clarify an existing one. The purpose of this research was to redefine the selected keywords within the context of the design concept and to scrutinize the concepts that form the fundamental building blocks of the theory. The study aimed to create a new perspective in both theory and practice for all fields of Social Sciences that attempt to understand design, whether from an internal or external viewpoint. Therefore, the significance of this work lies in the effort to both conceptualize the word 'design' and to create a philosophy of design by grounding it in keywords deemed essential in both thought and reality.

ANOTHER WORK CONSIDERED A MEANS OF SALVATION: VESILETU’N-NECAT BY AHMED ZIYAEDDIN EFENDI

Fatih Ramazan SÜER — 2026-07-16

The phrase vesiletü’n-necat, formed by the combination of vesile -meaning cause, excuse or means- and necat, meaning salvation or deliverance, refers to “a means of salvation.” The first work that comes to mind with this compound is the well-known mevlid by Süleyman Çelebi, written in 1409, which is regarded as the first independent mevlid in Turkish literature. The strong influence of Süleyman Çelebi’s work endured for centuries and has reached the present day through continual recitation across the cultural geography. The name Vesiletü’n-necat, originally given by Süleyman Çelebi himself, was later used for the first time after him by one of the late Ottoman authors, Ahmed Ziyaeddin Efendi of Kastamonu, for his cateshism written in 1897. Known by the epithet Evliya Efendizade due to being the son of the Naqshbandi sheikh Mehmed Hulusi Efendi (Evliya Efendi), Ahmed Ziyaeddin Efendi wrote around ten books throughout his life, some of which were used as school textbooks. One of these is an cateshism book titled Vesiletü’n-necat, written in the 19th century. There exists no adequate scholarly analysis or critical evaluation of this cateshism. For this reason, the present article will provide information on the historical trajectory of Turkish cateshism literature and examine the work titled Vesiletü’n-necat, authored by Ahmed Ziyaeddin Efendi -whose use of the title is noteworthy- at the Kastamonu Military Rüşdiye and used for many years as a textbook in military schools.

A CRITICAL LOOK AT THE COMMON EUROPEAN FRAMEWORK OF REFERENCE FOR LANGUAGES (CEFR)

Asiye ÇELENLİOĞLU — 2026-07-16

The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) is a guide developed to assess the language proficiency of all foreign language learners in Europe. Most European languages belong to the Indo-European language group and according to 2018 data, 94% of the European population speaks at least one of these languages as their mother tongue. The CEFR has adopted an action-oriented approach to language teaching. This approach considers language as a means of communication and students develop their language skills through real-life tasks. Since Türkiye became a member of the Council of Europe in 1949, the Ministry of National Education (MEB) and the Council of Higher Education (YÖK) have been adapting their language education policies and foreign language teaching towards the European system. In this regard, the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) has been adopted as a guide for foreign language teaching. Since the CEFR was developed for languages belong to the Indo-European language family, it requires some adaptations for the teaching the languages belong to the Afro-Asian language group, such as Arabic. The problem statement of the study is to discuss the suitability of the assessment items, which are shaped according to the adaptation studies for Arabic, which belongs to the Afro-Asian language group of the CEFR and action-based learning activities, for Arabic language education in Türkiye. The study used document analysis method, examining the European Union CEFR framework program, the MEB curriculum used in Arabic language education in Türkiye, language education sets and the work titled “Tatbîkâtü’l- İtâri’l- Merci‘î el-Urubbiyyi’l- Müşterek”, which categorizes Arabic language education outcomes with reference of CEFR. The findings indicate that common criteria need to be established for Arabic language education, but that this must be done in a systematic manner with the relevant stakeholders and most importantly language teaching methods and assessment tools must be coordinated in a consistent manner.

AN ANALYSIS OF DOG IMAGES IN ANATOLIANAN SELJUK PERIOD PALACE TILES FROM THE 11TH TO 13TH CENTURIES

Ümmühan BAYKASerap IŞIKHAN SAVAŞ — 2026-07-16

Animal symbolism has historically constituted a significant element within Turkish cultural heritage, profoundly shaping both its art and traditions. From ancient Turkic societies to the modern era, animal motifs have served as enduring cultural emblems, recurring across diverse media and becoming inseparable from the collective identity. This study examines the cultural and artistic representation of dogs in Turkish society, with a primary focus on identifying and documenting canine motifs within Anatolian Seljuk ceramic tile art. By analyzing the artistic context of dog depictions—particularly in Seljuk-era tiles—and conducting an extensive literature review, the research investigates the origins of dog figures employed for decorative purposes in 13th-century tileworks and their integration into ceramic artistry. Furthermore, the study explores the symbolic role of dogs within Turkish mythology, epics, and folklore. Drawing on the historical significance of canine imagery in ancient Turkic culture, the study underscores the cultural and historical importance of these motifs in Anatolian Seljuk tiles, which form the core thematic focus. Original ceramic tile patterns and form designs, inspired by these historical motifs, have also been developed as part of this scholarly endeavor.

ANALYSIS OF MALATYA TRADITIONAL HOUSES WITHIN THE SCOPE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY CRITERIA; YEŞILYURT ARAPGIR DARENDE HOUSES EXAMPLE

Gökhan GENÇMurat ŞAHİN — 2026-07-16

Today, structures are quite effective in formation of environmental problems with high energy consumption from construction phase to usage phase and then demolition processes. In reducing these problems, it is important to design structures in an environmentally friendly and energy efficient manner. In making structures energy efficient, there are many useful points that will shed light on the present day in cultural heritage structures built in different regions and climate conditions throughout history. Cultural heritage structures built in different historical periods contain passive design approaches specific to place where there was not as much industrialization as today. In the context of today's sustainable building production searches, approaches where passive systems are applied instead of active systems are great importance in protecting the environment. The purpose of the study is investigate and present the solution methods applied in historical structures in line with the goal of achieving today's sustainable, energy efficient building production. Within the scope of the determined purpose, historical structures with different climate characteristics and design approaches in Darende, Arapgir and Yeşilyurt regions in Malatya province were analyzed in context of energy efficiency criteria through tables and figures. In study, firstly, the literature was examined in detail and the approaches developed within the scope of energy efficiency in historical structures in region were determined. Then, appropriate energy efficiency criteria were found from the literature to evaluate within the scope of historical structures and analyses were performed. With the study, energy efficient design approaches suitable for climate and topography were determined in historical structures located in districts of Malatya province according to the characteristics of the regions. Various solution approaches developed according to the changing conditions in different districts within the same geography were determined.

DETERMINATION OF SYMMETRIC AND ASYMMETRIC EFFECTS OF POLICY INTEREST ON PERIODIC TERM DEPOSIT INTERESTS AND CREDIT PRODUCTS IN TÜRKİYE

Elif BEZİRGAN — 2026-07-16

The aim of this study is to examine the transmission of policy interest rates to banking sector interest rates in Türkiye, categorized by product and maturity. Monthly data for the period 2015:01–2025:06 are used to analyze interest rates on consumer, vehicle, housing, and commercial loans, as well as 1, 3, and 6-month deposits. A nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model is applied to reveal the asymmetric effects of the policy rate, and short- and long-term asymmetries are tested using Wald tests. The findings indicate a high degree of persistence in loan interest rates, with policy rate reductions having a stronger impact than increases on some loan types (especially commercial loans). While symmetric transmissions are observed in deposit rates for short-term (1 and 3 month) maturities, significant asymmetric effects are observed on long-term (6-month) deposits. Furthermore, macroeconomic variables such as inflation and exchange rates have significant and persistent effects, particularly on commercial loans and long-term deposits. As a result, the transmission of policy interest rates to banking sector interest rates varies across both product types and maturities, revealing the heterogeneous nature of monetary policy effectiveness.

A STUDY OF IBN ḤIBBĀN AL-BUSTĪ’S OPINIONS ON AL-JARḤ WA AL-TAʿDĪL

Yüksel ÇELİK — 2026-07-16

The works of Ibn Ḥibbān in the fields of ḥadīth, biography, and al-Jarḥ wa al-Taʿdīl are regarded as foundational sources in the science of ḥadīth. His contributions served as references and guiding lights for subsequent scholars. A significant portion of the literature on ḥadīth and its sciences is enriched with his narrations, views and explanations. The most renowned biographical and al-Jarḥ wa al-Taʿdīl works incorporate many of his opinions. However, despite being frequently cited, his books have not been studied in depth and have often been neglected by scholars. As a result, Ibn Ḥibbān has not gained the recognition he truly deserves. Ibn Ḥibbān lived during the last quarter of the 3rd century AH and the first half of the 4th century AH. He was a highly knowledgeable scholar in the field of ḥadīth and its sciences, and he also possessed expertise in other disciplines such as jurisprudence, legal theory, literature, theology, medicine and astronomy. Among the branches of ḥadīth sciences, al-Jarḥ wa al-Taʿdīl—the discipline concerned with the critical evaluation of ḥadīth transmitters—is of paramount importance for determining the acceptability of narrations. Assessing the authenticity of ḥadīth depends largely on evaluating the reliability of the transmitters, a task that requires deep knowledge of narrator criticism. Ibn Ḥibbān was one of the prominent scholars who authored works on this subject. This article provides an impartial analysis of Ibn Ḥibbān’s views and methodology concerning al-Jarḥ wa al-Taʿdīl. Where appropriate, his questionable opinions are critically assessed, and where he is justified, due credit is given. Ibn Ḥibbān adopted varying approaches in his criticism of narrators—at times strict (mutašaddid), at times lenient (mutasāhil), and at times moderate (muʿtadil). It is generally observed, however, that he tended to follow a balanced and moderate path.

CRITIQUE OF CRISIS RHETORIC IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: FOUNDING VIOLENCE, SELECTIVE UNIVERSALISM, AND THE PRACTISES OF THE UNITED STATES IN REDEFINING INTERNATIONAL LAW

Yunus Can POLAT — 2026-07-16

This study interrogates the long historical course of international law and seeks to move beyond the discourses dominant in the literature, namely those of “norm dysfunction” or the “collapse of the liberal order.” It asserts that international law has never been a neutral system of norms; on the contrary, it has been a juridical architecture in which constitutive violence is rendered continuous, selective universality is institutionalized, and moments of crisis are converted into occasions for the renewed production of legitimacy by power. After addressing the history of the construction of international law, this article places at its center the practice of the United States, examining its conduct as at times producing norms, at times enforcing norms, and at times legitimating their violation; and it demonstrates, in particular with reference to the second Trump administration, that the American relation to law ought not to be conceived as a capricious deviation but rather as the manifest continuation of a historical line of development. Within this framework, the study constructs a historical itinerary extending from the long sixteenth century to the second presidency of Donald Trump, in order to disclose a deeper logic whereby international law preserves its form while bending its essence to the necessities of geopolitics.

KARALLI MOSQUE IN KARALLI VILLAGE, KIZILIRMAK DISTRICT, ÇANKIRI PROVINCE

Filiz CANYURT — 2026-07-16

Located in the northern part of the Central Kızılırmak region of Central Anatolia, the city of Çankırı lies at the confluence of the Tatlıçay and Acıçay rivers, which flow into the Kızılırmak (Bayhan, 2013, p.79). The origin of the name Çankırı is believed to date back to the Galatian period, with ancient sources referring to the city as Gangra, a name first used during the Greek and Roman eras (İbiş, 2014, p.10). Following the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, Turkish tribes settled in the region between the Black Sea, the Mediterranean, and the Dardanelles. Çankırı came under Turkish rule in 1082 through Emir Karatekin In 1142, the area was incorporated into the Seljuk administration by Sultan Mesud I and was later granted to the Candaroğulları after the Battle of Ankara By 1464, Çankırı had become a sanjak within the Anatolian Province. Following the Tanzimat reforms, it was first attached to the Ankara Province and later, in 1869, to the Kastamonu Province. The sanjak included three districts—Kengırı Merkez, Çerkeş, and Kalecik—and new subdistricts were added in 1876. The Kızılırmak district, where the mosque under study is located, was part of this administrative structure. Historically, the district was known as İnallu Ballu (Kızılırmak). In 1987, a law was enacted to establish Kızılırmak as an official district, along with its administrative organization. It has been determined that no comprehensive scholarly study has yet been conducted on the architectural structure that constitutes the subject of this research. This article aims to evaluate the building in terms of its plan typology, materials and construction techniques, and decorative features, thereby elucidating its place and significance within the context of Anatolian Turkish architecture.

THE EFFECT OF THE FLIPPED CLASSROOM MODEL ON THE ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF 7TH GRADE MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENTS IN TEACHING THE TOPIC OF PERCENTAGES

Osman BURANHabip TAŞ — 2026-07-16

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of the inverted (TYES) classroom model on academic achievement in teaching the subject of percentages of middle school 7th grade students. Quasi-experimental design, one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the study. Research The students who are studying at a public school in the city center in the Eastern Anatolia Region; It was conducted with a total of 71 students as experiment (34) and control (35) groups. The Percentage Achievement Test (YBT) developed by the researchers before the application was applied to the experimental and control groups as a pre-test and after the application as a post-test. The obtained data were analyzed with the spss 24 package program. As a result of the analysis, it was seen that TYES application positively affected the academic achievement of students compared to the constructivist teaching method.

STATE IN THE OCCULTATION PERIOD: THE HISTORICAL-THEOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF POLITICAL AUTHORITY IN TWELVER SHI‘ISM AND THE LEGITIMACY OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN

Fatih SANCILI — 2026-07-16

This study aims to examine the historical and theological transformation of the concept of political authority in Imāmī Shīʿism following the occultation of Imām al-Mahdī, as well as the claim to legitimacy that the theory of velāyat-e faqīh, shaped through this transformation, provided for the Islamic Republic of Iran. In the Imāmī tradition, from the early periods of the occultation, the establishment of a state in the absence of the Imām was not regarded as legitimate; this stance was grounded in the belief that political authority belonged solely to the Imams of the Ahl al-Bayt. However, over the course of history, this rigid position became more flexible through various interpretations, with particular emphasis on views that argued jurists could exercise limited authority on behalf of the Imām. In this context, the central problem of the study is how the absence of the Imām during the occultation affected the possibility of legitimizing political authority in Imāmī Shīʿism, and through which theological justifications this issue was addressed. The research adopts a historical-analytical method, analyzing the transformation of the concept of legitimacy through jurisprudential and theological debates. The analysis demonstrates that, by the 19th century, the views of scholars such as Narāqī and Nāʾīnī—who argued that jurists could exercise political authority as deputies of the Imām—had gradually gained strength. Khomeini reinterpreted this legacy by transforming the theory of velāyat-e faqīh into a state-building model, and following the 1979 Revolution, he established the Islamic Republic of Iran on this foundation. Thus, a problem initially addressed within the framework of jurisprudence was later reconsidered through theological debates and eventually assumed an institutional dimension in the modern era. This development contributed to the growing number of those within Imāmī Shīʿism who came to regard the Islamic Republic of Iran as legitimate.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ PEACE LEVELS AND SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC AND VIOLENCE-PREDICTING FACTORS

Ayşe ÇALMAZFatma ŞENTÜRK ,Özlem Nur TEKELİ ÇAĞLAR ,Şevki Can KARSAVURAN — 2026-07-16

This study examined the levels of peace among university students and their tendencies toward violence-preventive factors. The study, designed as a descriptive and correlational survey model, collected data using the Peace Scale (PS) and the Violence Preventive Factors Scale (VPFS). The findings revealed that students generally had high levels of peace. Physical activity, economic well-being, extraversion, adaptability, and a positive mental state were found to be factors that contribute to increased levels of peace. On the other hand, alcohol use, poor mental health, short sleep duration, anger responses, and negative coping styles were found to be significantly associated with violence-preventive factors. The results demonstrated that students’ tendencies toward peace and coping with violence are strongly influenced by sociodemographic and psychosocial variables. In this context, it is recommended to strengthen psychosocial support services at universities, implement programs that promote healthy lifestyle habits, and expand awareness-raising initiatives aimed at preventing violence.

CHANGING DYNAMICS IN EU-RUSSIA EXTERNAL TRADE: THE ROLE OF ENERGY

Meram TATLI — 2026-07-16

This study aims to examine the decisive role of energy in shaping external trade relations between the European Union (EU) and Russia. The main objective is to analyze how geopolitical tensions, economic sanctions, and energy transition policies have redefined the trade dynamics between the two actors. The research focuses on the EU’s energy dependence, energy security, and sustainability strategies, particularly after Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014 and its invasion of Ukraine in 2022, which caused major disruptions in energy flows. The study employs a qualitative research method based on official reports, academic literature, policy papers, and energy statistics. Using a historical and analytical approach, it explores the evolution of EU-Russia energy relations across four key periods, highlighting the shift from interdependence to strategic divergence. Findings show that the EU has reduced its reliance on Russian energy through diversification, investment in renewable sources, and expansion of LNG infrastructure. Conversely, Russia has redirected its energy exports toward Asian markets, especially China and India. The study concludes that energy has transformed from a purely economic commodity into a strategic power instrument, shaping not only EU-Russia relations but also the global geopolitical and energy landscape in a lasting and multidimensional way.

KEMAL KILIÇDAROĞLU FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF POLITICAL MORALITY AND ETHICAL DEBATES

Abdulkadir CESUR — 2026-07-16

Academic debates on the relationship between politics and morality and the concept of political morality can be said to continue, albeit not as vibrant as they once were. However, among the various discussions taking place, there is one topic I believe the academic community has chosen to avoid: the evaluation of politicians or political leaders, who are the subjects of politics, from a political moral perspective. Whereas, it is clear that studies in this area, which I believe will serve as a kind of political archive, will contribute not only to politics and politicians but also to society and political culture. In this context, this study, which does not aim to denigrate or glorify a political figure, focuses on evaluating Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, who served as the chairman of the Republican People's Party for many years, and the political personality he presented from the perspective of political morality and ethics. In this context, I examine the concepts of politics, morality, and political morality, as well as the views of prominent figures who have offered different perspectives on these concepts throughout history. In order to assess Kılıçdaroğlu and his political character, even to a certain extent, within the framework of these views, I traced the significant political decisions he made and the political stances he exhibited during critical periods, from his time as Chairman of the Republican People's Party to the present. The findings of my study, based on a literature review, indicate that some of Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu's significant political decisions, actions, and statements throughout his political career are controversial on the level of political morality, and that his political understanding largely aligns with Machiavellian thought.

THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF SCHOOL ALIENATION AMONG EDUCATION FACULTY STUDENTS

Ulaş KUBAT — 2026-07-16

Alienation is a condition that every individual can encounter, sometimes even frequently, within the natural flow of life and their life's journey. For individuals, alienation can mean distancing oneself from the society they live in, separating from it, or isolating themselves from the community. In these respects, the concept of alienation reflects a kind of loneliness in individuals and emerges as a socio-psychological concept, also evidenced by the many studies conducted on this subject. In this context, this research aimed to determine the causes and consequences of school alienation among teacher candidates studying at the Faculty of Education of Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University. Based on this, data for the study were collected using the qualitative research method. The sample group of the research consisted of 20 teacher candidates studying at the Faculty of Education of Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University in the 2021-2022 academic year. A semi-structured interview form was used as the data collection tool in the research. The results obtained from the data revealed that the most prominent reason for school alienation was the school's failure to address students' personal interests and needs.

OIL PRICE SHOCKS IN ENERGY AND FINANCE RESEARCH: AN R-BASED BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS

Ezgi KUYU — 2026-07-16

This study aims to reveal the structural characteristics, research trends, and intellectual evolution of the literature on oil price shocks within the fields of energy and finance. Using bibliometric methods, a dataset covering the period 1982–2024 was analyzed through the R-based Bibliometrix package and its Biblioshiny interface. The findings indicate that the literature gained notable momentum after the 2008 global financial crisis and experienced a sharp increase in publication output between 2020 and 2023, largely driven by market uncertainty during the COVID-19 pandemic. The average annual growth rate of 9.49% demonstrates that the research area has developed into a continuously expanding and dynamic field. Leading journals in this domain include Energy Economics, Resources Policy, and Energy, while Finance Research Letters and Research in International Business and Finance serve as interdisciplinary bridges between energy and financial research. Keyword and thematic analyses reveal that “oil price shocks,” “stock market,” “financial markets,” and “uncertainty” occupy a central position, with recent studies increasingly focusing on volatility, contagion effects, and uncertainty-driven dynamics. Overall, the results demonstrate that the oil price shocks literature has evolved into a mature research domain characterized by methodological diversity, growing international collaboration, and a multidimensional perspective on the interaction between energy and financial markets.

SUBJECTIVE IMPRESSIONS OF MIXED FACADE CHARACTERS: GAZİANTEP UNIVERSITY CAMPUS

Merve USKAN DEMİREzgi AKKURT — 2026-07-16

The facade is defined as the basic surface where individuals interact with the building, and the building interacts with the city. The facade, perceived and interpreted by users through its formal elements, has the potential to directly affect individuals' spatial perceptions and psychological moods. This interaction based on visual perception has critical importance, especially in the processes of analyzing and evaluating the facade characteristics of architectural structures. This study examines the facade characteristics of faculty buildings located in the central campus of Gaziantep University through the visual perceptions of the students of the Department of Architecture. The main purpose of the research is to determine how students subjectively evaluate the faculty facades on campus and to reveal which architectural forms on these facades are aesthetically appreciated by the students. The data obtained in this direction is intended to provide information support for the façade designs of new faculty buildings to be constructed within the campus in the future. The study was designed within the framework of a multiple holistic approach and is based on a mixed method structure in which qualitative and quantitative data collection methods are used together. Within the scope of the research, structured interviews were conducted with students of Gaziantep University Faculty of Architecture and the obtained data were analyzed statistically using SPSS program. Research findings show that façade characters have a decisive role in the formation of environmental image and the definition of buildings as urban images. In addition, it is demonstrated that taking students' visual perceptions into account will contribute to the creation of a more livable, qualified and user-oriented campus environment.

THE TRANSFORMATION OF MEDIA CONSUMPTION HABITS AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN KAYSERİ: AN ANALYSIS OF VIEWING BEHAVIORS

Canan APAK — 2026-07-16

With the development of electricity and electronics, the third major revolution, which is profoundly influencing communication tools, is bringing about a fundamental transformation in the field of media. In this process, the concept of traditional media is emerging and is gradually being replaced by digital media broadcasting shaped by innovative computer technologies. This evolution, which is being evaluated within the context of digital transformation, is offering audiences new viewing patterns and habits. With the Internet becoming central to social life, significant changes are occurring in media consumption. One of these changes is the rise of digital platforms in addition to traditional television viewing habits. Digital media platforms are reshaping the audience experience by offering various innovations that go beyond traditional media practices. Unlike traditional content interrupted by advertisements, these platforms are providing the opportunity to watch content without commercial breaks. Moreover, the obligation to follow a weekly broadcast schedule is disappearing, and audiences are being given the possibility of accessing all episodes of a series at once. Individuals born into the digital age, namely “digital natives,” are adapting to these innovations more rapidly and are heavily preferring digital platforms. This situation is leading to a visible transformation in the media consumption practices of university students in particular. The primary aim of this study is to compare traditional viewing habits with the new viewing experiences offered by digital broadcasting platforms and to reveal the reasons for the preference of digital media through user practices and motivations. In this context, a survey is being conducted with 305 university students aged between 18 and 30 who are studying at four different universities in Kayseri and who are subscribed to at least one digital media platform. In the first part of the questionnaire, data regarding the participants’ demographic characteristics such as age and gender, as well as their digital media usage habits, are being collected; in the second part, findings related to the reasons for preferring these platforms are being obtained.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 112 EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICES EMPLOYEES' ATTITUDES TOWARDS HEALTH TECHNOLOGIES AND JOB STRESS

Meryem YEŞİLNARGülay YILMAZEL — 2026-07-16

The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between the attitudes of 112 emergency health services workers towards health technologies and job stress. This descriptive study was conducted between October 2024 and June 2025 at 112 stations located in Çorum city center and districts (N=320) and 236 emergency health workers were included in the sample. Approval was obtained from Hitit University Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee (Decision No: 2024-20) before the study. In this study, the data of the study were collected through a questionnaire form using the face-to-face interview method. The questionnaire form included socio-demographic characteristics, “Healthcare Personnel Health Technologies Assessment Attitude Scale” and “General Job Stress Scale”. The data of the study were analyzed using the SPSS 22.0 program. In the analyzes, the conformity of the data to normal distribution was examined with Kolmogorow-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk normality tests. In the analysis of variables showing normal distribution, t-test was used in independent groups, and in the analysis of variables not showing normal distribution, Mann-Whitney-U test was used. The analysis of descriptive variables was evaluated with percentage, mean, median and standard deviation. The relationship between scale scores and continuous variables was tested with Spearman correlation analysis. In statistical evaluations, p<0.05 was considered significant. The mean age of the research group was 33.3±5.7 years, V,4 of the participants were female, S,4 were emergency medical technicians. The mean scores of the research group from the Health Technologies Assessment Attitude scale were 3,85±0,49 and 3,92±0,72 in the scope sub-dimension of the scale and 4,13±0,66 in the awareness sub-dimension, and 3,68±0,50 in the benefit sub-dimension. While the median of the scores obtained from the scope sub-dimension in those using digital health technologies was 4, the median of the scores obtained from the benefit sub-dimension was found to be 3,58 (p<0.05). The mean score of the research group on the job stress scale was 28.29±7.43. The average job stress score of emergency medical technicians was 27.19±7.32 and was found to be significantly lower than other employees (p<0.05). The median job stress score was 29 for those who used digital health technologies in their working lives, while it was 27 for those who did not (p<0.05). The relationship between the participants' Health Technology Evaluation Attitudes and their general job stress levels was determined to be negative and significant (p<0.05). As a result, it was determined that the health technology evaluation attitudes and job stress levels of 112 emergency health workers were high.

HOW DOES WORKFORCE AGILITY SHAPES THE IMPACT OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP ON ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR?

Esra AKKAYASerdar BOZKURT , — 2026-07-16

This study aims to examine the moderating role of workforce agility in the relationship between transformational leader (TL) behaviors and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). A survey was used as the data collection tool, and data were collected through convenience sampling. Two hundred eleven employees from the public and private sectors participated in the study. Data were analyzed using SPSS for Windows 28. The Hayes Process Macro add-in was also used for hypothesis testing. The study revealed that workforce agility moderated the effect of DL on OCB, and that this moderating effect varied depending on the level of workforce agility. It is believed that this research will expand the framework of social exchange theory within the context of workforce agility, concerning DL behaviors affecting OCB.

PROBLEMS AND SOLUTION SUGGESTIONS OF SCHOOL PRINCIPALS IN HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT: A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

Erdoğan KARAKAŞAyşe ASİLTÜRK — 2026-07-16

The aim of this study is to reveal the main problems faced by school principals in human resource management (HRM) processes and the solutions they have developed for these problems with a qualitative approach. The study is based on semi-structured interviews with 18 school principals working in different school types in Trabzon in the 2019-2020 academic year. The data obtained from the participants, determined by maximum diversity sampling, were analyzed by content analysis method. According to the findings of the study, school principals face multidimensional problems such as centralization in the appointment and assignment process, insufficient teachers and auxiliary staff, professional inadequacies, lack of performance system, limited authority in disciplinary practices, inefficiency of in-service trainings. In addition, communication problems among teachers, lack of motivation and injustices in personal rights make human resource management difficult. As a result, school principals need to be positioned as effective strategic leaders. It is recommended that principals should be authorized in HRM processes, performance-based evaluation systems should be established, and the quality of pre-service and in-service trainings should be increased. The study reveals that effective management of human resources directly affects school success and emphasizes the need for structural and practice-based reforms.

FALSE NEEDS IN THE DIGITAL AGE: EXPLORING SOCIAL MEDIA'S ROLE IN DIGITAL CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR

Ibrahim Ba MATRAFAhmed GAWAS — 2026-07-16

The modern period we live in today is typified by technology, and this evermore entangled technology in all facets of our lives has also affected consumer behavior. This escalating influence has prompted crucial questions concerning the genuineness of individuals’ needs. This paper uses the theory of false needs by philosopher Herbert Marcuse, and focuses on how the utilization of social media platforms impacts consumption by fabricating false needs that don't arise from authentic needs. To accomplish the goal of this study, a quantitative approach was applied, with data gathered from 395 Arab residents in Türkiye, from different income, education, and cultural backgrounds. The study results shows that online purchasing behavior is positively associated with augmented time spent on social media platforms. Purchase intentions—conceptualized as false needs—were also found to significantly mediate the relationship between social media use and consumer purchasing behavior. The research outcomes did not reveal any significant influence of income, age, or educational level on false needs or purchasing behavior. The current findings empirically validate Marcuse's assumptions about the existence of false needs in modern society, which in turn suggests that social media influences consumption principally by creating false needs. The study contributes to the discourse surrounding digital consumption and consumer behavior in the digital age.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RECREATION AWARENESS AND SOCIAL MEDIA ADDICTION AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

Merve ÖZYILDIRIMFatma ERGENE ,Türkan SAVAŞ ,Ceren BOLAT — 2026-07-16

The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between university students' recreation awareness and their social media addiction, and to examine it in terms of various variables. The study group consisted of a total of 427 university students (196 female, 231 male) studying at Sakarya University of Applied Sciences and Sakarya University. A "Personal Information Form," the "Recreation Awareness Scale (RAS)," and the "Social Media Addiction Scale (SMAS)" were used as data collection tools. Skewness and kurtosis test results were examined to determine whether the scales were suitable for normal distribution. According to these results, the data were found to be normally distributed, and parametric test techniques were used to test the variables. Percentage, frequency, arithmetic mean, independent samples t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation test techniques were applied for statistical analyses. As a result of the findings, no significant relationship was found between social media addiction and recreation awareness. While no significant relationship was detected between social media addiction and undergraduate grade level or weekly participation frequency, a low-level positive and significant correlation was found with daily social media usage time. No relationship was found between recreation awareness and daily social media usage time or weekly participation frequency in recreational activities; however, a low-level positive and significant correlation was found with undergraduate grade level. Regarding the gender variable, no significant difference was found in terms of social media addiction and recreation awareness. For the variables of participation in recreational activities and regular participation, significant differences were found in favor of both those who participate and those who participate regularly. In conclusion, it was observed that recreation awareness and social media addiction do not have a significant relationship. Furthermore, it can be stated that as daily social media usage time increases, the level of social media addiction also increases, and as the undergraduate grade level increases, awareness of recreational activities increases.

PERSONALITY, CULTURE, AND EDUCATION AS COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE PERSONALISM OF G. MARCEL AND E. MOUNIER

Elif Can ÇAKIREmel KOÇ — 2026-07-16

This study discusses the relationship between personality and culture, and the role of education in this relationship, through the concept of “person” in the personalist philosophies of Gabriel Marcel and Emmanuel Mounier, two important representatives of 20th-century French philosophy. Both philosophers accept the person as both a concrete being and a transcendent subject. This conception of the person forms the basis of their ontological, ethical, social, and pedagogical approaches. The common ground in Marcel and Mounier's philosophies is the emphasis on the relationship established between culture, which is a fundamental element in shaping the person's value system and world of meaning, and personality development. In this relationship, education functions both as an integral part of culture and as a decisive element in the process of shaping personality. These three components play a critical role in the transformation of individual and social structures. Therefore, in this approach, an understanding of education that lacks personality building leaves cultural processes inadequate, while the weakening of all three components together hinders social transformation. In this context, personality, culture, and education should be considered as three fundamental components that nourish and transform each other.

FROM “SUNU” TO MANIFESTO: THE POETIC TRAJECTORY OF YÖNELİŞLER MAGAZINE

Sefa TOPRAK — 2026-07-16

The text examines the place of the manifesto in literary history and, through examples from Turkish poetry, analyzes the poetic and ethical stance of the journal Yönelişler (1981–1990). The manifesto is defined as a form of collective declaration that proclaims a shared literary understanding, typically formed around journals. Recalling examples such as the Fecr-i âtî Declaration, the preface of the Yedi Meşaleciler, the “Preface” of Garip, and “Yeni Lisan,” the piece emphasizes the “school” function of journals in the poetry milieu of the 1980s. In this context, Yönelişler—connected to the Büyük Doğu and Diriliş line—develops a publication policy that centers poetry with a “work-centered” aesthetic sensibility. The “Sunu” (Presentation) in the first issue functions as the journal’s manifesto: it states principles such as reassessing modern Turkish literature, making visible the continuity of language and history through Old Turkic texts, conducting translation with a method free of randomness, introducing contemporary cultures, featuring non-Western literatures and the poetry of groups outside the dominant culture in the United States, and honoring the processes of writing. The text titled “Açıklama” establishes the ethical backbone: “not surrendering to the apparent conditions,” “working within the context of assent/duty,” and staying away from the consumption cycle. The journal creates a poetic atmosphere that prioritizes a genuine relationship with tradition, originality, and critical accumulation, while avoiding ideological polemics. The contributions of Ebubekir Eroğlu's writings on poetics, along with those of Orhan Okay, İlhan Kutluer, and İhsan Deniz, enhance its theoretical depth. The presence of poets such as Osman Konuk, Hüseyin Atlansoy, and İhsan Deniz reinforces the journal's “school” function. In translations, its curatorial openness to African, Arab, Yugoslav, Native American, and Black literatures is distinctive; presenting classical texts first in their original form and then in simplified versions revives the historical capacities of the language. It regards poetry as the concentrated expression of existential, spiritual, and social quest. In conclusion, the journal remained faithful to its declared manifesto and established poetic consistency, making a lasting contribution to the pursuit of originality, depth, and theoretical independence in post-1980 Turkish poetry. In this context, it has been determined that the ‘Sunu’ section, which declares the journal's publication policy, presents an example of a manifesto, and it is clear that the journal has maintained its manifesto stance throughout its 53-issue publication life and has published along these lines. Conclusions have been drawn about the positive contributions of this stance to the understanding of journalism as a source of nourishment for literature.

THE USE OF ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS IN CONTEMPORARY ART: CANAN ŞENOL AND ŞÜKRAN MORAL

Tuğçe VURAL — 2026-07-16

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of alternative materials in the works of Turkish artists Şükran Moral and Canan Şenol. This study implores that by using non-traditional materials, these artists have questioned the established gender conventions and societal hierarchies for example, Şükran Moral’s performance-based pieces like Bordello, To My Sister, and Despair, show marginalization, sexism, and institutional authority by turning the body, lived space, and transient situations into tools of resistance. In contrast, Canan Şenol utilizes tactile and ornamental components in pieces such as Transparent Police Station, Adams and Eves, Peacock and Dragon, Heaven, Endless Love, and Striga. These materials include glitter, fabric, beads, sequins, clay, plexiglass, and synthetic flora. These objects, which are often linked to home life and femininity, are transformed into instruments for political criticism, myth-making, and radical narrative. Materiality actively shapes meaning and it is not just a means to an end. Therefore, this research has shown by introducing their practices within the larger discourse of experimental art. This study concludes that Moral and Canan's pieces add to the visual and conceptual lexicon of modern Turkish art and amplify worldwide dialogues around cultural resistance, gender, and identity. And lastly, this study has demonstrated that unconventional materials have the power to disrupt norms and rethink art's place in society.

THE INTERACTION OF TALENT MANAGEMENT AND CRISIS PROCESSES ON THE IMPACT OF TEAM MEMBERS ON WORK PERFORMANCE: A STUDY IN HEALTHCARE ORGANIZATIONS IN IZMIR PROVINCE

Nurdan KARAMANNezih Metin ÖZMUTAF — 2026-07-16

It is aimed to carry out activities with higher performance by creating a synergistic effect through team work in organizations. It has become crucial for healthcare organizations, where teamwork is crucial, to find talented employees to provide healthcare services, develop them, unlock their potential, and retain them. Thus, it can be stated that the increasing importance of the talent factor has begun to be seen as an element that adds value in healthcare organizations. On the other hand, it is observed that healthcare organizations face crisis processes in various aspects, dimensions and processes due to external and internal influences. Considering the high strategic importance of health services for both organizations and the country, society and individuals, the necessity of the existence of skilled human resources in overcoming crisis processes cannot be denied in terms of the business success of individuals in team work. In this context, a survey was conducted among 302 healthcare professionals working in the public healthcare sector in Izmir between January 2023 and June 2023. As a result of the research, within the framework of talent management, “management, leadership and behavior”, “human resources I, “human resources II”; within the framework of crisis management, “function of post-crisis management I, “crisis preparation I”, “function of post-crisis management II”, “effective management of crisis management process”, “post-crisis crisis management plan”, “crisis preparation II”; within the framework of team members’ performance, “human relations, “management process, “team work, “business processes”” were found to be highly important by healthcare professionals. Moderate and high level positive correlations were determined between the factors. The structural equation model findings indicated that the effects of crisis management and talent management on team members' job performance were statistically significant separately, but the interaction between crisis management and talent management revealed that the effect of talent management on team members' job performance was not significant.

ANCIENT TIMES INDIA’S FIRST GREAT EMPIRE: THE MAURYA EMPIRE (321-185 BCE)

Saadet ŞEKER — 2026-07-16

The Maurya Empire, which is thought to have emerged in 321 BCE and holds an important place in Indian history, ruled India in three periods under Chandragupta, Bindusara, Ashoka, and their successors. There is insufficient information about the early years of Chandragupta, the first ruler. The first references to him in the sources are mostly centered on debates about his origins. His life is discussed in terms of claims that his family belonged to either the lower or upper castes of Indian society. In reality, Chandragupta's name first came to prominence during his struggle with Alexander the Great of Macedonia. King Ashoka, who succeeded Chandragupta, expanded the borders of the Maurya Empire and brought it to the height of its power. Our earliest information about the Maurya Empire is based on the stupa columns and documents carved into rocks along important trade routes, preserved by King Ashoka, who reigned from 269 to 232 BCE. After Ashoka, his son Jalauka succeeded him and managed to keep the Maurya Empire standing with new conquests, but the process of decline began with the rulers who came after him. Founded by members of the Maurya dynasty, this empire is noteworthy as the first Indian empire. The Maurya Empire's borders stretched from Iran to southern India during the reigns of Chandragupta, who made a name for himself by fighting against a world conqueror like Alexander the Great, and Ashoka, the pioneer of Buddhism in India. This study examines the reigns of Chandragupta, Bindusara, Ashoka, Jalauka, and Damodara, who belonged to the Maurya Empire, which held an important place in ancient Indian history, and the developments that occurred during these periods. King Ashoka's reign is examined in greater detail than that of other rulers, as it brought the Maurya Empire to its zenith.

THE NEW MEDIA ECONOMY AND THE ECONOMIC POLICY OF DIGITAL COMMERCE: THE CASE OF ALIBABA.COM

Özge UZUNDUMLU İNSUYUZeynep DEMİRCİOĞLU BİRİCİK — 2026-07-16

Digitalization has become one of the main factors shaping the new dynamics of globalized trade. Emerging at the intersection of economic, cultural, and communicational transformations, this process is redefining the fundamental building blocks of the economy and leading to profound changes in the core components of political economy, such as production, labor, property, and capitalism. This study aims to analyze the effects of digitalization on global e-commerce using the example of Alibaba.com. Alibaba.com is considered not only an e-commerce platform but also a structure that centralizes global value chains through digitalization and establishes a new economic hegemony. The research is designed with a phenomenological qualitative approach and is based on semi-structured interviews conducted with 15 SME exporters registered on Alibaba.com in Turkey, the platform's representatives in Turkey, and the Business Development Manager. The data was analyzed using thematic analysis, and four main themes were identified: (1) opportunities provided by Alibaba.com, (2) digital labor processes, (3) ownership and platform dependency, (4) communication strategies and consulting support. According to the research findings, Alibaba.com offers SMEs significant advantages in terms of export and visibility; however, it also exposes users to processes of algorithmic control, data-based surveillance, and ownership uncertainty. Digital labor forms are becoming invisible, and the dynamics of platform capitalism and surveillance capitalism are strengthening. This field research reveals that digital platforms function not only as technological infrastructures but also as mechanisms for surveillance, steering, and data-based capital accumulation. The findings reveal the ways in which digitalization transforms the concept of labor and the relationship between the platform's communication strategies and new forms of labor. Consequently, the Alibaba.com example serves as a critical laboratory in terms of digital labor, the redefinition of property, and the functioning of platform capitalism, paving the way for the formation of new dependency relationships and forms of inequality at both the local and global levels.