The Journal of Academic Social Science/Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Year 2024 Issue 155

INVESTIGATION OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS TEACHER CANDIDATES' 21ST CENTURY SKILLS SELF-EFFICACY PERCEPTIONS AMONG DIFFERENT VARIABLES

Fikret ALINCAKHasan KOCAHAL — 2026-07-16

This study is a descriptive study conducted to examine the self-efficacy perceptions of physical education and sport teacher candidates in terms of different variables. The population of the study consists of prospective physical education and sports teachers studying in the faculties of sport sciences of universities in the 2022-2023 academic year, and the sample group consists of 301 (164 male, 137 female) prospective teachers selected on the basis of volunteerism. "21st century skills self-efficacy perception scale" developed by Anagün et al. (2016) was used as a data collection tool in the study. SPSS 22.0 program was used to analyze the data. At the same time, various statistical methods such as descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test and multiple regression analysis were applied. The results of the study revealed that there were no significant differences in the 21st century skills self-efficacy perceptions of pre-service teachers according to their gender, this result is in line with similar studies in the literature. In the analyses conducted in terms of the grade level, no significant relationship was found between grade level and self-efficacy perceptions in general, which is in line with the results of some studies in the literature. The effect of variables such as GPA and type of high school graduated from on self-efficacy perceptions showed significant differences in some skills, in line with the results of studies in the literature. The effects of family socio-economic level and parents' education level on self-efficacy perceptions were also examined and it was observed that these variables played an important role on students' perceptions. These findings indicate that parents' education level and socio-economic status of families may affect students' self-efficacy perceptions towards 21st century skills. In summary, this thesis study reveals that physical education and sport teacher candidates' self-efficacy perceptions towards 21st century skills have a complex and multidimensional structure in terms of various demographic and educational variables. These findings may provide important contributions to the design of teacher education programs and educational interventions.

DETERMINATION OF PROFESSIONAL SELF-ESTEEM AND HOPELESSNESS LEVELS OF SOCIAL WORK STUDENTS AND GRADUATES

Barış DEMİRELHüsamettin ÇETİN — 2026-07-16

This study, which was designed in quantitative research design, was designed to determine the professional self-esteem and hopelessness levels of social work students and graduates. The study group of the research consists of a total of 373 individuals, including active students in social work departments and social work graduates. In the study, data were collected with a 10-question socio-demographic information form created by the researchers, the 30-item Arıcak Professional Self-Esteem Scale and the 20-item Beck Hopelessness Scale. According to the data obtained; while it was understood that the participants' professional self-esteem was at a medium-high level, it was determined that the level of hopelessness was at a medium level. In addition, while the hopelessness level of women and participants with student status was high, the professional self-esteem of those who were graduates was found to be higher. It was concluded that those who stated that they were satisfied with their lives had higher professional self-esteem, while those who were not working were more hopeless.

THE QUESTION OF EARTHQUAKE: THE CASE OF JAPAN

Demet CANSARAN — 2026-07-16

Earthquake is one of the natural disasters that occur as a result of sudden tremors in the earth's crust and have a wide range of effects ranging from damage to buildings, economic losses, injuries and loss of life. We cannot deny the fact that people sometimes have direct and sometimes indirect effects in the formation of earthquakes with these important threats. People can trigger an earthquake with the construction of a dam or mining activities. Therefore, the measures taken to prevent earthquakes from occurring and to minimise the damages when they occur are of great importance. Of course, despite all the measures taken, it is not possible to completely eliminate the occurrence and effects of earthquakes. For this reason, it is important to continuously evaluate earthquake risks and to continuously improve safety measures. Based on these points, in this study, the conceptual framework of the earthquake concept has been tried to be put forward, the policies followed by Japan, a country that has declared war on earthquakes after suffering significant damages in this problematic, have been analysed and inferences have been tried to be made by analysing the policies followed by this country against this threat and an example has been aimed to be set for other countries.

AN EXAMINATION OF THE MUSIC ELEMENT IN AHMET YAKUPOĞLU’S MINIATURES IN TERMS OF SEMIOTICS

M. Nevra KÜPANASaide SEZEN — 2026-07-16

In this study, it is aimed to make a semiotic analysis on 10 miniatures of painter, miniature artist and academician Ahmet Yakupoğlu, who is known as one of the Three Ahmet's in Kütahya, in Dumlupınar University Ahmet Yakupoğlu Collection, which contain music elements. The examined miniatures were evaluated through sign analysis according to Ferdinand de Saussure and examined in terms of human, object, nature, colour and light. The semiotic analyses of the miniatures were made by taking into account the subjects covered, the periods represented, and their details if they show portrait features. In the miniatures of Ahmet Yakupoğlu in Dumlupınar University Ahmet Yakupoğlu Collection, the assemblies where music was performed, the musical instruments used and the performers were analysed. In the miniatures examined in line with the aim of the research, it was concluded that the depiction of Hz. Pir while performing Sema, the musical elements in the Sema Rite of Mevlevis, music was performed for entertainment purposes in friendly assemblies, picnic places, music was performed while resting on a journey, and women performed music for entertainment purposes in courtyards. Analysing the music element in the miniatures of Ahmet Yakupoğlu, who is known as a painter, miniature artist, academician as well as a musician, will provide original contributions to the studies to be carried out in the field.

PROBLEMS AND SOLUTION SUGGESTIONS IN DISTANCE EDUCA-TION OF MIDDLE SCHOOL MUSIC COURSE

Melisa UMANTaner TOPALOĞLU — 2026-07-16

Distance education has advantages as well as disadvantages compared to face-to-face education. Due to the global epidemic process, distance education has become mandatory and has been used at all levels from basic education to university. This situation has made it important to examine the current situation in distance education of music courses in secondary schools, which include many practical activities such as listening, singing and playing as well as theoretical. This study is aimed to determine the current situation of the music course in the distance education process, the difficulties encountered and the solution suggestions for these difficulties in line with the views of music teachers at the secondary school level. Case study design was used in the study and data were collected through an interview form. The study group consisted of 33 volunteer music teachers working at the secondary school level in the central districts of Şanlıurfa province. The research was conducted in accordance with the decision of Şanlıurfa Harran University Social and Human Sciences Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Committee dated March 18, 2022 and numbered 2022/33. Content analysis method was used in the data analysis process. According to the findings of the study, it was concluded that it would be useful to organize the çevrimiçi course hours according to the class level, students attended a limited number of lessons, and the most common technical problem in the distance education process was internet-related.

EXAMINATION OF PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE TURKİSH FORMS OF THE OVERALL ANXIETY SEVERITY AND IMPAIRMENT SCALE AND OVERALL DEPRESSION SEVERITY AND IMPAIRMENT SCALE

Özge ERARSLAN İNGEÇOrçun YORULMAZ — 2026-07-16

Depression and anxiety disorders which are among the most frequent psychological disorders have become increasingly common, significantly affecting the functionality and quality of life of the individual. Effective and practical assessment tools for depression and anxiety disorders in research and clinical settings is thus vital to therapeutic and preventive interventions. Psychometric properties of the Turkish versions of Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS; Norman et al., 2006) and Overall Depression Severity and Impairment Scale (ODSIS; Bentley et al., 2014) were investigated within the scope of this study. Research sample included 281 undergraduate students from a state university in İzmir and to examine their test-retest reliability, 61 partipicants were recruited again. The analysis results for the factor structure of both scales confirmed the single-factor structure of the scales as in the original studies. Validity analyses showed that there were high correlations between both scales and the other measures focusing on the variables of anxiety, depression and well-being. In the context of the criterion-related validity, the Mann Withney U test was used to evaluate whether the scores of OASIS and ODSIS differed according to the status of having psychiatric diagnosis. Accordingly, participants with a psychiatric diagnosis (n = 46) had significantly higher scores of OASIS and ODSIS than those without any psychiatric diagnosis (n = 235). As a result of the reliability analyses, Cronbach’s alpha and test-retest reliability for OASIS were found to be .89 and .52, respectively. Cronbach’s alpha and test-retest reliability for ODSIS were found to .93 and .60, respectively. In conclusion, the findings of the study provide evidence for the validity of Turkish versions of OASIS and ODSIS and reliability of the measurements obtained from both scales. Given the advantages, the both scales are thought to make important contributions to both scientific research and clinical applications.

EXAMINATION OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE MOTIVATION LEVEL OF EMPLOYEES IN TERMS OF SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES: A RESEARCH IN HEALTH SECTOR

Emine Elif NEBATİCansu KARAAYAK — 2026-07-16

It is very important for an organization to have highly motivated employees in order to achieve its goals. Having highly motivated health care workers ensures that the patients who receive service leave the hospital in a satisfied manner and receive better quality service. This study was conducted to determine the factors affecting the motivation of health care workers working under the health care services directorate in a state hospital in Istanbul. This study included nurses, midwives, laborant/biologists, medical imaging technicians and anesthesia technicians. The data were collected by means of a questionnaire form. Firstly, a personal information form consisting of 15 questions, then 45 questions were prepared as attitude statements to measure the level of motivation and to determine the sources of motivation and a five-point Likert scale was used. SPSS 27.0 program was used to analyze the data. The data were evaluated by ANOVA, Kruskal Wallis, frequency and percentages, averages and t-test. As a result of the analysis, the motivation level of the employees was found to be moderate (3.07±0.49). While there was a statistically significant difference in the motivation levels of the employees in terms of gender, occupation, department and whether there was a problem in taking leave or not, there was no statistically significant difference between income, income perception, number of shifts, occupation, institution and years of working in the department and motivation

EQUIVALENCY PROBLEMS OF YÖK AND THOSE WHO EDUCATE ABROAD

Haluk SARUHAN — 2026-07-16

Studying abroad has always been considered prestigious as it offers the opportunity to meet different cultures and perspectives. Those who have successfully completed their education abroad are required to obtain a certificate of equivalence in order for their diplomas to be recognized in Turkey. While the Council of Higher Education is responsible for the recognition of associate, bachelor's and master's diplomas, the recognition of doctoral diplomas is carried out by the Interuniversity Council. Recognition is important to prevent fake and unqualified diplomas, but the recognition process in Turkey is long and challenging. In this process, various problems are encountered and rights are victimized. Victimizations regarding equivalence are voiced through various groups on social media and brought to the agenda of the Parliament through MPs. At the heart of these grievances are the recognition practices of the Presidency of the Council of Higher Education and the Presidency of the Interuniversity Council for those who study abroad. When the problems caused by the institutional structure of these two higher education boards are added, the victimization of those who have studied abroad increases. This study aims to systematically explain the problems faced by the citizens of the Republic of Turkey regarding the equivalence of their associate, bachelor's, master's and doctoral diplomas. It is important in terms of being the subject of a scientific study for the first time in terms of the problems experienced by those who have received higher education abroad in terms of diploma equivalence. In addition, the current practices of other states such as France and Belgium will be compared with the current practices in Turkey and some alternatives to the current practices will be proposed.

CULTURAL SYMBOLISM IN A DYSTOPIAN UNIVERSE: A SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF THE FILM THE HANDMAID'S TALE

Semih SALMAN — 2026-07-16

Dystopia offers a critical perspective on socio-political and economic issues, while cultural symbolism deepens this critique through symbols that express societies' beliefs, values, and norms. Semiotics, on the other hand, analyzes the meanings of these symbols, addressing how social criticism is structured. Roland Barthes' semiotic approach unveils the subtexts of dystopian narratives by deciphering the roles of symbols in ideological and cultural contexts. In this context, the study adopts semiotics as a method and conducts analysis within the framework of Barthes' approach. The aim of the study is to analyze the film The Handmaid's Tale, set in a dystopian world, from a semiotic perspective in terms of cultural symbolism. It is concluded that the concepts of sign, signifier, and signified play a critical role in the interpretation of the ideological structure and representations in the film and in determining the messages intended to be conveyed to the audience.

TURKİSH ADAPTATION OF THE FAMILY EMPOWERMENT SCALE: VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDY

Osman AKAY — 2026-07-16

The purpose of this research is to adapt the Family Empowerment Scale into Turkish and to conduct validity and reliability studies. The sample of the study consisted of 515 parents of children with emotional, behavioral or mental disorders who applied to the child psychiatry outpatient clinics and clinics of Bakırköy Mental Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital (BRSHH) and whose treatment and follow-up are ongoing, and who voluntarily agreed to participate in the research and gave their consent. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using the Demographic Information Form and the Family Empowerment Scale. Analyses were conducted for structural and linguistic validity and reliability. EFA (Exploratory Factor Analysis) and CFA (Confirmatory Factor Analysis) were used for construct validity, and the Davis technique was used for content validity. Reliability coefficients were examined using Cronbach's alpha values. The original form of the scale (Family Empowerment Scale) is a 34-item, 5-point Likert-type rating scale designed to measure the empowerment status of a family in two dimensions and 3 levels. As a result of the analysis of the results obtained from the sample used to develop the Turkish form, it was found that the scale has a structure with 26 items and 6 factors. In the exploratory factor analysis of this 26-item form of the scale, the Keizer-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) sample fit coefficient was found to be .918 and the Bartlett sphericity test was found to be significant (p<.01) as χ2=5410.741 with 325 degrees of freedom. It was found that this 26-item form of the Family Strengthening Scale explained 60.478% of the total variance in responses under 6 factors. With this study, it was concluded that the Family Empowerment Scale, adapted into Turkish, is a valid and reliable measurement tool to measure the empowerment levels of families with children with emotional, behavioral, and mental health problems.

SUMMARY

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to adapt the Family Empowerment Scale into Turkish and to conduct validity and reliability studies.

Materials and Methods: The sample of the study consisted of 515 parents of children with emotional, behavioral or mental disorders who applied to the child psychiatry outpatient clinics and clinics of Bakırköy Mental Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital (BRSHH) and whose treatment and follow-up are ongoing, and who voluntarily agreed to participate in the research and gave their consent. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using the Demographic Information Form and the Family Empowerment Scale. Analyses were conducted for structural and linguistic validity and reliability. EFA (Exploratory Factor Analysis) and CFA (Confirmatory Factor Analysis) were used for construct validity, and the Davis technique was used for content validity. Reliability coefficients were examined using Cronbach's alpha values.

Results: The original form of the scale (Family Empowerment Scale) is a 34-item, 5-point Likert-type rating scale designed to measure the empowerment status of a family in two dimensions and 3 levels. As a result of the analysis of the results obtained from the sample used to develop the Turkish form, it was found that the scale has a structure with 26 items and 6 factors. In the exploratory factor analysis of this 26-item form of the scale, the Keizer-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) sample fit coefficient was found to be .918 and the Bartlett sphericity test was found to be significant (p<.01) as χ2=5410.741 with 325 degrees of freedom. It was found that this 26-item form of the Family Strengthening Scale explained 60.478% of the total variance in responses under 6 factors.

Conclusions: With this study, it was concluded that the Family Empowerment Scale, adapted into Turkish, is a valid and reliable measurement tool to measure the empowerment levels of families with children with emotional, behavioral, and mental health problems.

DETERMINATION OF FACTORS RELATED TO CLASSROOM TEACHERS' APPLICATION OF TEACHER-CENTERED METHODS AND TECHNIQUES, THE CASE OF ERZURUM PROVINCE

Büşra ÇAKMURDurmuş KILIÇ — 2026-07-16

The principal purpose of this study is to compare the methods and techniques applied in science and technology courses of 4^th and 5^th grades in primary schools in terms of teachers in the central districts of Erzurum Province. The data obtained from the study were obtained from face-to-face interviews with 233 classroom teachers in twelve different primary schools in the center of Erzurum during the 2009-2010 academic period. The statistical package "SPSS 16" was used to analyze the data collected. A 5-point Likert scale was used to assess forty-five elements influencing the involvement of students, and the reliability coefficient of Cronbach's alpha was found to be 0.93. In this participation, the factor that the teacher addresses the students by their names is the number one factor at 4.65 points which is stated as the second point is the method, techniques, and activities used by the teacher at 4.59 points, and the third remarkable factor with 4.58 points is the relationship with current events related to the subject. Considering these factors in terms of gender, male teachers believed that student names and current events related to the subject were more effective in students' participation in the lesson, whereas female teachers were more likely to hold that the methods, techniques, and activities used by the teacher were more effective. In addition, it was determined that teachers who stated that these three factors were more effective had less than ten years of experience and were generally private school teachers. Considering these results, it can be concluded that teachers who are allowed to prove themselves make more efforts to make their students more effective; therefore, more students can be ensured to participate in the lesson by addressing students by their names, using technology, and providing remarkable examples of the lesson.

INSTRUCTORS PERSPECTIVES ON TECHNOLOGIES USED IN DISTANCE ADULT EDUCATION

Nurhan ÇAKIR — 2026-07-16

While distance adult education offers a broad perspective with the opportunities offered by technology, it is of great importance to provide the right methods and technological infrastructure for this process to be successful. Increasing the technological competence of instructors and students, providing continuous education and development opportunities, developing strategies to increase the quality of distance education and evaluating current practices in this field are the main objectives of this study. In this article, it is aimed to obtain the opinions of instructors with distance adult education experience regarding the technologies used in adult education. Qualitative research method was used within the scope of the research and six interview questions were asked to the participants during the data collection phase. As a result of the research, the advantages and disadvantages of various technology applications used in distance adult education were examined, based on the distance adult education experiences of the participating instructors. The advantages and limitations of technologies used in different types of education such as synchronous, asynchronous and blended are discussed in detail. The importance of instructors' technological proficiency and continuous development was emphasized. Pre-training preparations and difficulties encountered were evaluated in detail. In this context, the findings aim to shed light on the determination of the necessary strategies to increase the effectiveness of distance adult education and future studies in this field.

AN ANTHROPEDAGOGICAL STUDY: W. A. MOZART

Hakan KAMALI — 2026-07-16

In human life as a social creature, many factors such as personal experiences, environmental factors, social community structure and behaviour models, community and family models have been determining factors in the development and life of the person. In the process of formation and development of personality, pedagogical approaches, effects of almost every event experienced in childhood and youth can show their effects on human life in various ways in later ages. While the discipline of pedagogy develops on learning methods and perfect child rearing methods, anthropedagogy, as an auxiliary branch, supports the discipline of pedagogy in order not to repeat the mistakes made in the past by examining retrospective data. The aim of this study is to analyse the developmental process of W. A. Mozart (1756-1791) during his childhood and youth, and in the light of the findings of this study, to obtain functional information that can positively affect the pedagogical development of our students in the process of music education. The research covers Mozart's pedagogical development during his childhood and youth, the influential role of his father on him and the effects on his musical life in general terms. Literature review method was used in the study. In the light of the information obtained from various sources, Mozart's musical emotional state has provided us with anthropedagogical information that can be utilised in the future. In the study, it was determined that children may experience feelings such as vital difficulties, worthlessness and failure due to parents' expectations of success, perfectionism and the pressures created by this. This situation was exemplified through the relationship between Mozart and his father, and it was concluded that focusing on the balance of success and happiness in the development of the subject (child) can make positive contributions.

SOCIAL LIFE IN THE OTTOMAN IN THE 18TH CENTURY IN PICTURES

Nida KANHüseyin ELMAS — 2026-07-16

Art is a reflection of individual and social life and bears witness to the social life of the period in which it lives. Ottoman social life consists of non-Muslims and Muslims. A social life is shaped more like a neighborhood system; It was formed by different ethnic groups living together. The art of painting began to take its subject from Ottoman social life starting from the 17th century. As Europe entered the age of enlightenment in the 18th century, Europe became a great power against the Ottoman Empire, and this necessarily brought about an expansion. Thanks to the ambassadors going to Europe and the ambassadors coming from Europe, art changed and the outdoor entertainment of Istanbul women found a place in miniature genres for the first time. In single-figure miniatures, subjects such as sections from the lives of the people, tradesmen, non-Muslims, the upper class and the sultan are included. Traditional patterns were broken in Ottoman miniature painting, which was based on Islamic traditions with some paintings. Levni and Buhari, miniature artists of the 18th century, were the most important artists who reflected the social life of the century in which they lived in their paintings. Falname, a manuscript with 35 miniatures prepared by Ka-lender Pasha, Ali Üsküdarî, known for his flower paintings, and Endurunlu Fazıl, who witnessed the Ottoman social life with his paintings, are the other painters of this period. Van Mour, who came to Istanbul with the ambassadors during the Tulip Era (1718-1730); He made works about the daily life of the Ottoman society and witnessed the Ottoman social life. Rafael and Kapidağlı Konstantin, two of the non-Muslim artists who worked in the Ottoman Empire during the Tulip Era, brought the Western style of painting to Ottoman art. These paintings made by artists are important as they bear witness to the century in which they were made. Qualitative method was used in the research and a literature review was conducted. Research data was obtained by examining national and international articles, books, internet resources, visual resources and works related to the subject. As a result of the research, it was seen that the 18th century painting witnessed the Ottoman culture and social life and provided us with information on this subject.

A STUDY ON OUR INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE

Rıdvan AKSadık ÖZÇELİK — 2026-07-16

"Intangible Cultural Heritage" refers to practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills, and related tools, instruments, and cultural spaces that communities, groups, and in some cases, individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage. Accordingly, the knowledge accumulated by Turks over a certain period has found its place within their intangible cultural heritage. This heritage includes a wide range of elements, from Mevlevi Sema ceremonies to ritual keşkek, from Nevruz to the tradition of minstrel storytelling, from traditional sohbet meetings to Dede Korkut, from tea culture to sericulture, from olive cultivation to the whistle language. Although this heritage is passed down from generation to generation, it is gradually facing the threat of disappearing. Therefore, these values have been protected by both the Ministry of Culture and UNESCO. However, not every cultural heritage has the same level of protection. According to the "Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage" adopted by UNESCO on October 17, 2003, these levels are determined as the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity and the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding. Among these, the whistle language, traditional reed craftsmanship, and olive cultivation are listed as intangible cultural heritage elements in urgent need of safeguarding and are of greater importance compared to others. This study emphasizes what culture and intangible cultural heritage are, the list of cultural values, and the importance of cultural values that require urgent protection. This study, which is a qualitative research, is a case study. The data were obtained by literature review. This study, which is a qualitative research, is a case study. The data was obtained through a literature review.

AN EVALUATION OF THE REFLECTIONS OF SOCIAL EVENTS ON PAINTING ART FROM THE 20TH CENTURY TO THE PRESENT IN THE CONTEXT OF WAR AND MIGRATION

Mustafa AKAhmet Kürşat ALBAYRAK — 2026-07-16

Painting is an important art form in terms of expressing emotions and thoughts through color and line on a two-dimensional surface. From the 20th century to the present day, painting has dealt with social events such as war and migration in depth and reflected social reality and human experience with these themes. The research examines the reflections of war and migration in painting and how these themes give meaning to works of art. The devastating effects of war and the complexity of migration were addressed by artists and mobilized social sensitivity. Painting art is also an important source of history that contributes to collective memory by reflecting social events. Artists have strengthened both societal and emotional bonds by expressing the effects of these traumatic events in their works. As a result, painting reveals the power and depth of art while examining the place and impact of social events on human experience. This study highlights the potential of art to shape social consciousness by revealing how the themes of war and migration are interpreted by artists and expressed through paintings.

THE BASES OF ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY AND THE CRITICISMS OVER IT: QUINE

Aylin ARSLANEkrem Ziya DUMAN — 2026-07-16

The views and changes emerging from the beginning of the twenty-first century onwards have been an impact on philosophy, just like they have had upon a great many sciences. These changes experienced in sciences have led to the rise of a need for a new sense of logic. This new sense of logic initiated the process of turning to language in philosophy together with it. With this sense expressing that understanding the world goes through understanding structure of language, the belief in the fact that philosophical problems could be solved by means of language analysis has developed and this belief has set ground for the rise of the tradition of analytic philosophy. In the current study, it was both aimed to explain upon which philosophers the bases of analytic philosophy depend by dealing with touching the basic points of the views of these philosophers and the objections towards the analytic philosophy tradition of Quine, which seems to be suspicious to take place in the tradition distinctively. Upon taking the size of analytic philosophy tradition into consideration, the current study was limited to the basic views into the issue of language analysis since the philosophers taking place in the tradition regard the philosophical problems as the ones to be dealt with language.

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION COURSE HOURS ON STUDENTS' COURSE ATTITUDE IN SECONDARY EDUCATION

Şule BALBetül BAYAZIT — 2026-07-16

The aim of the study is to investigate whether the change in physical education class time affects secondary school students' attitudes towards physical education. The study tries to contribute to physical education courses and practices by considering the effect of course hours on attitudes. Quantitative research method was used in this study. The research model is survey and Likert-type scale was used as a data collection tool. The population of the study consisted of all high school students in Ağrı province and its districts, and the sample consisted of 436 students randomly selected from high school students with different physical education course hours in Ağrı city centre. In the study, "Physical Education Course Attitude Scale for Secondary School Students" developed by Mehmet GÜLLÜ and Mehmet GÜÇLÜ in 2009 with proven validity and reliability was used as a scale. Personal Information Form was distributed to the participants. In the data analysis part, SPSS 21.0 package programme was used for descriptive statistics in the study. It was determined that the data conformed to normal distribution and t test was applied for the analysis of two variables and One Way Anova test was applied for the analysis of 3 or more variables. Error level was taken as p<0.05. As a result of the study, significant differences were observed between the participants' attitudes towards physical education course and the variables of gender, age and physical education course hours. In terms of grade level, significant differences were observed between 9th and 12th grade levels and 10th and 11th grade levels. It was observed that there were significant differences between gender, age, grade level and course hours variables and physical education course attitudes of the students (p<0,005). It was seen that the general physical education course attitudes of the students were high.

EXAMINATION OF FOLKLORIC ELEMENTS IN "İNCE MEMED"

Hakkı BOLAT Selim SOMUNCU — 2026-07-16

Ince Memed is the story of a hero revered by the people, yet it also exhibits the characteristics of a folk tale adorned with folkloric elements. The novel frequently portrays the lifestyle, eloquence, and linguistic finesse of the people living in Çukurova and the Taurus Mountains, where the events unfold. The author constructs the work largely drawing inspiration from traditional narrative genres. In this context, the folkloric elements in Ince Memed constitute a significant source that nourishes the author. In this study, certain cultural elements and genres of folk literature in Turkish folklore—such as nomadic culture, minstrel tradition, Kırklar culture, whistle language, folk songs, folk poems, tongue-twisters, praise and lament songs will be identified within Ince Memed, examining how these products contribute to modern literature in general and specifically to the novel as a new form of modernity. Furthermore, Ince Memed serves as a seminal work by bridging past traditions with modern ones and by perpetuating cultural images in the public consciousness through oral traditions. Therefore, it holds great significance in the preservation and transmission of oral tradition products to future generations.

REASONS FOR THE PREFERENCE OF VIRTUAL RETAILING IN THE CONTEXT OF CHANGING CONSUMPTION PERCEPTION: A STUDY ON COMMUNICATION FACULTY STUDENTS

İhsan ÇAKIR — 2026-07-16

Technological developments and the widespread use of the internet are transforming traditional shopping methods. Consumers' shopping habits are evolving rapidly, leading to a shift from traditional stores to virtual stores. Understanding the reasons for this shift is crucial for analyzing modern consumer behavior. The aim of this study is to determine the reasons for the preference of virtual retailing and to reveal whether attitudes towards virtual shopping sites differ according to gender groups. In line with the purpose of the study, a face-to-face questionnaire was applied to 338 students determined by simple/random random sampling technique between 01-15.06.2022. The data obtained were processed and analyzed by IBM SPSS 26 statistical program. The most important result of the research is that factors such as price discounts, price comparison opportunity, convenience, time saving and product variety are effective in the preference of virtual retailing by consumers. In addition, it was found that attitudes towards virtual shopping sites and shopping habits differed according to gender. The transformation of consumption perception from meeting needs to meeting pleasure and excitement is another important result.

THE MUSIC EDUCATION SYSTEM IN AZERBAİJAN’S STATE SCHOOLS

Nuray JAFAROVANilgün SAZAK — 2026-07-16

In Azerbaijan Republic at state schools connectod to Ministery of National Education, first education starts at the age of 6 and ends at the age of 17. After the first 9 years of this 11 year compulsory education is process, students can transfer to colleges to receive education in special fields.In this process, the music education starts at the first class.Also at state schools from the 3 rd class special music education is given to the students who have special music talent if they want by the ministery of culture. In addition to there being a specific training process for each musical instrument, the diploma given after the process is considered a prerequisite for college and university talent exam applications. This study is conducted in arder to introduce the music education at state schools of Azerbaijan.In the study which will be carried out as a descriptive survey, a literature review on music education in Azerbaijan's public schools was conducted and as a result of this review, the differences of Azerbaijan's music education system were revealed and introduced. The population of the research consists of the 1-4 year music education program given in Azerbaijan State Schools. Since the whole population was reached, sampling was not used. This research is considered important in terms of determining and revealing the quality and quality of music education given in Azerbaijan State Schools and the gains gained by the students. In this study, the primary school level Music Course Curriculum implemented in Azerbaijan was examined in terms of general objectives, learning outcomes and target behaviors, and it was concluded that the applied music education program determines learning areas according to Bloom's taxonomy, aims to raise individuals with universal music culture fed by traditional culture, and that students learned the notes, reached the level of playing a simple instrument and especially learned the rules of singing during the 4-year education process.

INVESTIGATION OF INDIVIDUAL WELL-BEING WITH AUTOREGRESSIVE MODEL AND DYNAMIC FACTOR ANALYSIS

Özgül SU ÖZENİRNilüfer KAHRAMAN — 2026-07-16

In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the usability of dynamic factor analysis, which allows individual-based studies, in determining the factor structure of the trait, as well as autoregressive effects, through repeated measurements collected with longitudinal measurement designs. As a result of 30 repeated measurements, the scores of an individual who experienced an event such as an accident, natural disaster, epidemic, and of an individual who felt lucky and overcame difficulties for 30 days were analyzed. These analyzes include determining the way of change over time, examining changes in lagged relationships, and dynamically revealing the factor structure of the variables of interest. The findings show that the change in the individual well-being structure over time is not the same for two individuals, that the variable to be studied can change depending on the conditions of the individual, that it has a dynamic structure and that the dynamic factor structures may differrentiate. Dynamic factor analysis can be used to understand the development processes of individuals in depth and to reveal the dynamic structure of the characteristic subject to measurement.

A MATHEMATICAL APPROACH TO PREVENT DISEASES: BASE ARITHMETIC

Muhammet Yasin ÇELİK — 2026-07-16

Questioning the problems in every field of life with mathematical thinking enables us to have more knowledge on solutions. So much so that those who are engaged in mathematics have tried to turn every kind of problem that we may encounter in our lives into a theorem and to prove these theorems. In the last months of 2019, a disease called "New Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)" emerged. The spread of this virus is increasing day by day. Vaccine studies for the treatment of coronavirus are ongoing. The increasing rate of spread of the virus all over the world has made it imperative that vaccine studies and clinical (phase 1, phase 2, phase 3) trials be completed and concluded as soon as possible. In this situation, our best weapon against the virus is to be faster than it in vaccine studies. It is to determine the right one among the thousands of components that need to be tested in the fastest way with the right method. Let's consider a mathematical model of the situation in order to make a small contribution to the solution of an existing problem in order to reach the most data results in a short time. Among 1000 chemical (ingredient) bottles, it is aimed to investigate the mathematics involved in the problem of how to identify the bottle that stops and cures the progression of the disease in the shortest time. It is assumed that we have 10 laboratory samples taken from people suffering from this disease. We can inspect the samples we have, 1 drop in each bottle, according to the rule in the bottle number. Base arithmetic was used to solve the question “If the liquid in each bottle shows its effect after 1 hour, how can we identify the bottle that cures the disease among 1000 bottles after 1 hour?”. To model the situation, it will be concretized with the black pepper (sample) - detergent (component) experiment. Even in seemingly insurmountable situations, it is possible to overcome every difficulty with simple arithmetic knowledge and stem applications. In this way, the time to do a job is also saved.

MUSLIM-JEWISH INTERACTION IN LATE ABBASID IRAQ: THE LEGITIMACY OF ABROGATION

Ömer YILMAZ — 2026-07-16

Many discussions about abrogation are closely related to the science of Kalam. The locality of the abrogation, the premature abrogation of the provision, and the idea that an act ordered before cannot be prohibited later are some of them. al-Jaṣṣāṣ’ approach to these discussions is critical. It is also the case that al-Jaṣṣāṣ had a compatible approach with the views attributed to the Mu’tazila on issues related to abrogation. However, he also disagreed with the Mu’tazila. This situation becomes more vivid when considering the rich historical backdrop of Baghdad and Buwayhid politics during the period in which al-Jaṣṣāṣ lived. Baghdad, a melting pot where people from different religions, beliefs, and sects coexist, has witnessed religious-based conflicts as well as the influence of different religious groups on each other. The most obvious example of this is the idea that an action commanded first cannot be prohibited later. Accordingly, Allah commands what He commands because it is good, and He forbids what He forbids because He is knowledgeable. It is contradictory for God first to command and then forbid. There is no such contradiction in God's actions. al-Jaṣṣāṣ’ idea could find a limited number of followers among Hanafi scholars. al-Bāḳıllānī criticized this idea by attributing it to the Jews.

A RESEARCH ON ENSURING THE DIGITAL PERMANENCE OF GEOGRAPHICALLY INDİCATED CARPET AND RUG MOTIFS WITH NFT

Abdullah KUTUCUMehmet Cabir AKKOYUNLU ,Mustafa KONUK — 2026-07-16

Over time, human beings have created a culture of their own within the area where they live. Over time, he used the art that he observed from nature and combined with his emotions, and made it aesthetic by adding something from himself. Weaving art, which is among the traditional branches of art, has been transformed into an art by integrating it with their own knowledge and skills, using materials obtained from the region within the geography and traditional life. The motifs they use in weavings are the products of their past experiences.In this study, traditional carpets, rugs and motifs with geographical indications will be given a new form. The aim is to gain a new perspective by ensuring the visibility of the motifs used and the artworks are transferred and sold in intellectual property title (NFT) systems, which are digital platforms. It was prepared using the compilation technique, one of the qualitative research methods. It is thought that this research will offer solutions to problems such as national and international visibility of traditional carpets, rugs and motifs that have received geographical indication. It has been an original work due to its new form features, considering both visibility and the digitalization of our future. The general aim of the study is to bring this study into the scientific literature.