@article{2014,title={RELATIONS BETWEEN ANCIENT EGYPT AND NUBIA FROM THE NEOLITHIC TIMES TO THE EGYPT’S OLD KINGDOM PERIOD (5000-2700 BC): EXCHANGE, CULTURAL INTERACTIONS AND STATE FORMATION},abstractNode={The purpose of this article is to examine the complex relationship between Ancient Egypt and Nubia, involving cultural transmissions, trade expeditions and military raids from the Neolithic times to the Egypt’s Old Kingdom (5000-2700 BC). Currently, scholars debate whether Lower Nubian society was organized as a “complex chiefdom” or as a “proto-kingdom” at the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC (during the “Early Dynastic period of Egypt”, 3100-2700 BC). Elite demand for exotic/status/prestige/luxury goods can be an initial stimulus to formation of political hierarchy. This statement is likely to be true in the case of early state formation in Egypt. In the same way, Lower Nubia’s (region between the First and Second Cataracts of the Nile) prosperity was underpinned by its intermediary position in the long-distance trade networks. The early Nubian policies (Sayala, Qustul) became powerful by controlling the trade routes and shared with their northern neighbors (Egyptian proto-kingdoms},author={İzzet ÇIVGIN},year={2014},journal={The Journal of Academic Social Science}}